Smallpox: The Disease

Introduction

[Smallpox] is so generally known that a minute description of it is unnecessary.
Very few escape it at one time of life or another.

William Buchan MD, FRCP (Edin), 1789

Endemic or epidemic smallpox was described as variola major (case-fatality rates of 5%-25% or more) or variola minor (case-fatality rates of 1% or less). Prognostic classifications included discrete smallpox (perhaps 60% of all cases). Pocks were separated by areas of clear skin and the case fatality rate was generally 10% or less. In semiconfluent and confluent smallpox (perhaps 30% of all cases), the pustules were so close together that they merged; the case fatality rate ranged from about 30%-60%. Flat and haemorrhagic smallpox occurred in up to 10% of cases and were almost invariably fatal. In flat smallpox, pocks were confluent and flattened. Haemorrhagic smallpox was characterized by widespread haemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes.

For more information, see:

Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 1
Smallpox (Rao AR, Bombay: Kothari Book Depot, 1972)
The diagnosis of smallpox (Ricketts TF, London: Cassell, 1908)

More photos...

Clinical Features

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1871	Case of haemorrhagic small-pox: with clinical remarks	Grieve R	Br Med J 1871 2(564): 465-6	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.564.465 PMC: PMC2261826
1872	A case of malignant small-pox: the diagnosis masked by reported injury	Gascoyen GG	Br Med J 1872 1(593): 497-8	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.593.497 PMC: PMC2297462
1893	On the diagnosis of small-pox in its early stages	Savill TD	Br Med J 1893 1(1687): 888-9	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.1687.888 PMC: PMC2403061
1894	Small-pox: report of Nottingham Medico-Chirurgical Society	Boobbyer P	Br Med J 1894 1(1745): 1245	PMC: PMC2405229
1896	The early diagnosis of small-pox	Philip JA	Hospital (Lond 1886) 1896 20(517): 340-1	PMC: PMC5245555
1897	The diagnosis of small-pox	Wright FW	Public Health Pap Rep 1897 23: 468-72	PMC: PMC2329961
1901	Remarks on the present mild type of smallpox; the symptoms and diagnosis	Welch WM	Tex Med J (Austin) 1901 16(8): 341-55	PMC: PMC9591547
1901	The diagnosis of small-pox		Hospital (Lond 1886) 1901 31(785): 29-30	PMC: PMC5211505
1902	Notes on a case of variola nigra (malignant or black smallpox)	Davies DS	Bristol Med Chir J (1883) 1902 20(75): 49-53	PMC: PMC5046394
1902	Differential diagnosis between variola and varicella	Wanklyn WM	Br Med J 1902 2(2166): 47-9	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.2166.47 PMC: PMC2401258
1902	Chicken-pox and small-pox		Br Med J 1902 1(2145): 356-7	PMC: PMC2511961
1904	Clinical observations on variola	Bancroft IR	J Med Res 1904 11(1): 322-44 1	PMC: PMC2104640
1909	Diagnosis of smallpox		Tex Med J (Austin) 1909 25(2): 73	PMC: PMC9642381
1912	A series of cases of small-pox, with some remarks on diagnosis and vaccination	Whitelaw TH	Can Med Assoc J 1912 2(12): 1106-12	PMC: PMC1579629
1913	The diagnosis of smallpox	McNally HH	Can Med Assoc J 1913 3(3): 208-10	PMC: PMC1579717
1913	The diagnosis of smallpox	Whitelaw TH	Can Med Assoc J 1913 3(5): 405-7	PMC: PMC1579750
1918	Differential diagnosis-chicken pox-smallpox	Clark E	Buffalo Med J 1918 73(10): 360-2	PMC: PMC8734908
1919	The differential diagnosis of smallpox		Hospital (Lond 1886) 1919 66(1719): 150	PMC: PMC5252516
1923	The clinical diagnosis of smallpox and chickenpox	Hill HW	Can Med Assoc J 1923 13(3): 162-7	PMC: PMC1706981
1923	The differential diagnosis of small-pox and chicken-pox: obsolete diagnostic criteria	Wanklyn WM	Br Med J 1923 2(3264): 106-7	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.3264.106-a PMC: PMC2317118
1923	The diagnosis of small-pox and chicken-pox: a contrast	Painton GR	Br Med J 1923 2(3284): 1080-1	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.3284.1080 PMC: PMC2317502
1923	Clinical notes of fifty cases of small-pox (1923)	Rigden GF	Br Med J 1923 2(3284): 1081-2	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.3284.1081 PMC: PMC2317538
1924	A striking case of chicken-pox simulating small-pox: characteristics which distinguished it	Wanklyn WM	Br Med J 1924 1(3298): 464-5	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.3298.464 PMC: PMC2303983
1927	The differential diagnosis of small-pox and chicken-pox	Choksy NHKB	Ind Med Gaz 1927 62(8): 473	PMC: PMC5197903
1927	The differential diagnosis of small-pox and chicken-pox	Biswas SK	Ind Med Gaz 1927 62(8): 473-4	PMC: PMC5197894
1930	Haemorrhagic non-pustular small-pox	Cannon A, Phoon SW	Br Med J 1930 2(3633): 283-4	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.3633.283 PMC: PMC2450395
1944	Smallpox in Kweilin, Kwangsi, 1940-1941. An epidemiological and clinical study	Su TL	Ind Med Gaz 1944 79(7): 332-7	PMC: PMC5218675
1952	The diagnosis of smallpox. I	Anderson T	Br Med J 1952 2(4792): 1037-8	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4792.1037 PMC: PMC2021993
1952	The diagnosis of smallpox. II	Anderson T	Br Med J 1952 2(4793): 1090-2	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4793.1090 PMC: PMC2022092
1960	Pregnancy associated with haemorrhagic smallpox	Paranjothy D, Samuel I	J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 1960 67: 309-13	DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1960.tb07002.x
1962	[The early exanthematic signs of variola major (Experiences in West German smallpox attacks in 1962)] German	Stuettgen G	Med Welt 1962 14: 732-8
1964	A study of 240 cases of haemorrhagic smallpox Expert Committee on Smallpox. Geneva, Switzerland, 14-20 January 1964	Rao AR	Smallpox/WP/22	WHO: 10665/67676
1964	[The clinical diagnosis of smallpox and smallpox-like diseases] Dutch	Hermans EH	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1964 108: 2034-8
1965	Clinical and subclinical variola minor in a ward outbreak	de Salles-Gomes LF, Angulo JJ, Menezes E, Zamith VA	J Hyg (Lond) 1965 63(1): 49-58	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400044958 PMC: PMC2134637
1965	[Difficulties in the morphologic diagnosis of smallpox during the Wroclaw epidemic in 1963] Polish	Cywicki J, Reck J	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19(2): 168-70
1965	Morphology of the skin in variola	Purwohusodo T, Tan ET	Paediatr Indones 1965 5(1-2): 509-18
1965	Chronology of a smallpox case		Appl Ther 1965 7(10): 897-902
1966	Smallpox—clinical features and diagnosis	Kale SS	Maharashtra Med J 1966 13: 203-4
1966	Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. III. Diagnosis, clinical classification and symptoms, differential diagnosis and therapy	Strom J, Gerzen P, Herzenberg H, Jansson U, Ursing J, Werneman H	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464: 57-65	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05073.x
1966	Diagnosis of variola minor		Br Med J 1966 30 2(5508): 255-6288	PMC: PMC1943306
1966	[Diagnosis differential. a. Variola. b. Eczema herpetiforme Kaposi. c. Eczema vaccinatum] German		Med Klin 1966 29 61(17): 672a passim
1966	Smallpox: Mild and severe	Sarkar JK	Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1966 14(2):57-8
1966	Smallpox: Its severity and mildness		J Indian Med Assoc 1966 47(3):139-40
1967	The clinical features of smallpox, 3	Roberts CJ	Cent Afr J Med 1967 13(4):88-95
1967	Hemorrhagic smallpox. A study of 22 cases to determine the cause of bleeding	Mehta BC, Doctor RG, Purandare NM, Patel JC	Indian J Med Sci 1967 21(8):518-23
1969	Haemorrhagic smallpox	Downie AW, Fedson DS, Saint Vincent L, Rao AR, Kempe CH	J Hyg (Lond) 1969 67(4): 619-29	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400042078 PMC: PMC2130761
1969	Conjunctivitis and subclinical infection in smallpox	Kempe CH, Dekking F, Saint Vincent L, Rao AR, Downie AW	J Hyg (Lond) 1969 67(4): 631-6	DOI: 10.1017/s002217240004208x PMC: PMC2130760
1969	Haemorrhagic smallpox	Upadhaya AK	J Indian Med Assoc 1969 52(1):36-7
1970	Variola major in West Pakistan	Mack TM, Thomas DB, Khan MM	J Infect Dis 1970 122(6): 479-88	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/122.6.479
1970	A clinical and laboratory study of smallpox in Brazil. Accuracy of the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in patients with Brazilian variola minor infection	Noble J Jr, Long GW, Kirchner E, Sesso J	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970 19(6):1020-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.1020
1971	A study of inapparent infection in smallpox.	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Daniel RW, Cole JL, Anthony RL, McCrumb FR, Jr	WHO/SE/71.26	WHO: 10665/67484
1971	Endemic smallpox in rural East Pakistan. I. Methodology, clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of cases, and intervillage transmission	Thomas DB, McCormack WM, Arita I, Khan MM, Islam S, Mack TM	WHO/SE/71.24 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 93(5):361-72	WHO: 10665/67482 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121269
1971	Smallpox in children. A clinical study of 100 cases	Sheth SC, Maruthi V, Tibrewala NS, Pai PM	Indian J Pediatr 1971 38(278):128-31	DOI:10.1007/BF02751409
1971	[Smallpox. Clinical features] Norwegian	Laake H	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1971 20 91(2): 92-3
1971	[Current practical means of smallpox diagnosis] French	Netter R	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 64(5): 777-81
1972	Clinical smallpox: Classification and frequency of type of variola major	Rao AR	SE/72.1	WHO: 10665/68028
1972	Incubation period of smallpox	Downie AW	SE/72.3	WHO: 10665/68033
1972	Clinical stages of smallpox, chickenpox, herpes Inter-Country Training Course in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Smallpox. WHO, New Delhi, 23-31 Oct 1972	Rao AR	SE/WP/72.22b	WHO: 10665/68110
1972	Case fatality ratios in smallpox	Shafa E	WHO/SE/72.35	WHO: 10665/67493
1972	Smallpox diagnosis	Dhamdhere MR	Indian J Med Sci 1972 16:78
1973	Smallpox.	Christie AB	Br Med J 1973 2(5865): 539-41	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5865.539 PMC: PMC1589573
1975	Clinical observations on smallpox: a study of 1233 patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, during 1973	Guha Mazumder DN, Mitra AC, Mukherjee MK	Bull WHO 1975 52(3):301-6	PMC: PMC2366378
1976	Some observations on haemorrhagic smallpox (Type I)	Mitra M, Bhattacharya DK	J Indian Med Assoc 1976 67(11):237-40
1977	Problem of persistence of facial pockmarks among smallpox patients	Ježek Z, Basu RN, Arya ZS	WHO/SE/77.97 and Indian J Public Health 1978 22(1):95-101	WHO: 10665/68222
1978	Smallpox facial pockmarks [photographs]		SME/78.2
1978	Fatality, facial scarring and blindness from smallpox in Bangladesh	Hughes K	WHO/SE/78.101	WHO: 10665/68229
1979	Smallpox: clinical types, causes of death, and treatment	Koplan JP, Foster SO	J Infect Dis 1979 140(3):440-1	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/140.3.440
1999	Smallpox: clinical and epidemiologic features	Henderson DA	Emerg Infect Dis 1999 5(4):537-9	DOI: 10.3201/eid0504.990415 PMC: PMC2627742

Laboratory Diagnosis

See:

Smallpox: clinical and laboratory diagnosis. In: Handbook for Smallpox Eradication Programmes in Endemic Areas. Smallpox unit, WHO, 1967. SE/67.5 Rev 1 Section II. IRIS #10665/67940
Guide to the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox for smallpox eradication programmes. WHO, 1969. IRIS #10665/40132

Role of the Laboratory

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1968	The development of smallpox laboratory diagnostic services Meeting of WHO Regional Advisers on Smallpox Eradication. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-10 Apr 1968		DA Henderson personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	The role of the diagnostic laboratory WHO Inter-Country Seminar on Surveillance in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Oct - 2 Nov 1972	Henderson DA	SE/WP/72(6)	WHO: 10665/68084
1978	Role of laboratory diagnosis in the smallpox eradication programme in India, Jan-Mar 1978	Jezek Z, Basu PN, Sehgal S, Balasubramaniam S, Arya ZS	Indian J Public Health 1978 22(1):113-9
1979	Smallpox Surveillance Report #146, Mar 16 1979 Collection and testing of specimens	WHO Smallpox unit	WER 1979 54(11):85	WHO: 10665/222400
1982	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox: role of the Virus Reference Laboratory, Colindale, 1947-70	Macrae AD	J Hyg (Lond) 1982 89(3):399-407	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400070972 PMC: PMC2134242
2002	Diagnosis and management of smallpox	Breman JG, Henderson DA	N Engl J Med 2002 346(17):1300-8	DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra020025

Laboratory Research 1900-44

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1905	The application of laboratory methods to the diagnosis of variola	Howard WT	JAMA 1905 44(14):1095-8	DOI: 10.1001/jama.1905.92500410019001e
1905	Laboratory diagnosis of variola	Thompson RL	JAMA 1905 44(16):1237-9	DOI: 10.1001/jama.1905.92500430001001
1905	The use of histological methods in the rapid and certain diagnosis of smallpox	Howard WT	Public Health Pap Rep 1905 31(Pt 2):244	DOI: PMC2222280
1923	The diagnosis of smallpox by the Paul method	Scott JM, Simon CE	Am J Epidemiol 1923 3(4):401-15	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118943
1928	The laboratory diagnosis of smallpox virus utilizing the rabbit	Defries RD, McKinnon NE	Am J Epidemiol 1928 8(1):107-24	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120985
1928	The reaction in the skin of the normal rabbit following intradermal injection of material from smallpox lesions: the specificity of this reaction and its application as a diagnostic test	McKinnon NE, Defries RD	Am J Epidemiol 1928 8(1):93-106	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120993
1938	Infection of the chorio–allantois of the chick embryo as a diagnostic test for variola	Buddingh GJ	Am J Epidemiol 1938 28(1):130-7	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118428
1941	The chick membrane as a differential culture medium with suspected cases of smallpox and varicella	Irons JV, Bohls SW, Cook EBM, Murphy JN, Jr.	Am J Epidemiol 1941 33-SectionB(2):50-5	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118701
1942	Chorio-allantoic membrane infection as a diagnostic test for smallpox	Bohls SW, Irons JV	Am J Public Health 1942 32(3):300-6	DOI: 10.2105/ajph.32.3.300 PMC: PMC1526995
*1944	The use of the chorioallantois of the developing chick embryo in the diagnosis of smallpox	North EA, Broben JA, Mengoni AH	Med J Aust 1944 1:437-8
1944	A laboratory test for diagnosis of smallpox	van Rooyen CE, Illingworth RS	Br Med J 1944 2(4372):526-9	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4372.526 PMC: PMC2286597

1945-58

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1946	The laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	Downie AW	Mon Bull Minist Health Emerg Public Health Lab Serv 1946 5: 114-6
1946	The laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	Downie AW	Mon Bull Minist Health Emerg Public Health Lab Serv 1946 5: 114-6
1946	Laboratory aids to diagnosis of smallpox	van Rooyen CE	Health Bull (Edinb) 1946 4(6): 65-7
1947	The value of laboratory tests in the diagnosis of smallpox	Downie AW	Public Health 1947 60: 82	DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(46)80087-8
*1948	The use of the electron microscope in diagnosis of variola, vaccinia, and varicella	Nagler FP, Rake G	J Bacteriol 1948 55(1):45-51	DOI: 10.1128/jb.55.1.45-51.1948 PMC: PMC518406
1948	[Weltmann's serocoagulation in smallpox] Italian	Tangredi G	Minerva Med 1948 39(33 Pt 2): 143-6
1948	Smallpox diagnosis with special reference to electron microscopy	van Rooyen CE, Scott GD	Can J Public Health 1948 39(12): 467-77
1949	[Difficulties and possibilities in the diagnosis of smallpox] Dutch	Dinger JE	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1949 93(15): 1117-22
1950	Studies on the serological diagnosis of smallpox	Collier WA, Schonfeld JK	Med J Aust 1950 2(10):363-6	DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1950.tb81119.x
1950	[Demonstration of antihemagglutinins as an aid in the diagnosis of smallpox] German	Collier WA, Smit AM, von HA	Z Hyg Infektionskr 1950 131(6): 555-67
1950	Application of the Feulgen reaction to the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	Wolman M	Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1950 74(1):85-7	DOI: 10.3181/00379727-74-17817
1951	[New developments in the field of smallpox with special reference to conditions in Britain and modern methods of laboratory diagnosis] German	Germer WD	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1951 76(33-34):1011-4	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1117374
1951	[Rapid diagnosis of smallpox] German	Kaiser M	Z Tropenmed Parasitol 1951 3(2): 230-3
1951	[Use of the electron microscope in differential diagnosis of disease following smallpox vaccination] German	Puntigam F, Orth E	Wien Klin Wochenschr 1951 63(43): 817-8
1951	[Observations on differential diagnosis of variola (varioloid) and varicella] Dutch	van Steenis PB	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1951 95(35): 2526-32
1952	The diagnosis of smallpox. I	Anderson T	Br Med J 1952 2(4792): 1037-8	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4792.1037 PMC: PMC2021993
1952	The diagnosis of smallpox. II	Anderson T	Br Med J 1952 2(4793): 1090-2	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4793.1090 PMC: PMC2022092
1952	[Smallpox without eruption detected by the hemogram] French	Bauge	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1952 45(6): 724-7
1952	Smallpox; comment	Bradley WH	J R Sanit Inst 1952 72(2): 116-24	DOI: 10.1177/146642405207200204
1952	Nicolau stain for smallpox diagnosis	Dekking F	Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1952 18(4): 291-2	DOI: 10.1007/BF02538617
1952	Laboratory methods in the diagnosis of alastrim	Downie AW, McCarthy K, Macdonald A	Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv 1952 II: 227-30
*1952	Silver impregnation of smallpox elementary bodies after treatment with xylol	Gispen R	Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1952 18(2): 107-8	DOI: 10.1007/BF02538594
1952	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	MacCallum FO	J R Sanit Inst 1952 72(2): 112-6	DOI: 10.1177/146642405207200203
*1952	Isolation of smallpox virus from the nasopharynx of patients with variola sine eruptione	Verlinde JD, Van Tongeren HA	Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1952 18(2): 109-12	DOI: 10.1007/BF02538595
1952	Electron microscopy and smallpox		Lancet 1952 260(6742): 975-6	DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(52)92216-2
1953	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox] Dutch	Dinger JE	Acta Leiden 1953 23: 77-83
*1953	Virus and virus antigen in the blood of smallpox patients; their significance in early diagnosis and prognosis	Downie AW, McCarthy K, Macdonald A, Maccallum FO, Macrae AE	Lancet 1953 265(6778): 164-6	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90107
1954	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox and Addendum	Sethi K, Soman DW	Ind Med Gaz 1954 89(8):468-74 Ind Med Gaz 1954 89(9):543	PMC: PMC5328019 PMC: PMC5327992
1954	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox] Polish	Sporzynski T	Przegl Epidemiol 1954 8(1): 21-7
*1955	Analysis of pox-virus antigens by means of double diffusion: a method for direct serological differentiation of cowpox	Gispen R	J Immunol 1955 74(2): 134-41
1956	Atypical form of chicken pox with varioloid-like rash; presentation of a case with laboratory confirmation of diagnosis	Angulo JJ, de Salles-Gomes LF, Tartari JT	AMA Arch Derm 1956 74(4): 338-43	DOI: 10.1001/archderm.1956.01550100006002
*1957	Smallpox and alastrim; use of the chick embryo to distinguish between the viruses of variola major and variola minor	Helbert D	Lancet 1957 272(6977):1012-4	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)91334-x
1957	[Simplified determination of smallpox virus in a microscopic preparation] German	Kuhn O	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 1957 168(5-6): 480-1
1957	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox] Spanish	Lazarus AS	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1957 42(2): 153-9	PAHO: 10665.2/14952
1957	Effect of temperatures of up to 45 degrees C on survival of variola virus in human material in relation to laboratory diagnosis	MacCallum FO, McDonald JR	Bull WHO 1957 16(2):441-3	PMC: PMC2538238
1957	[Methods for laboratory diagnosis of smallpox] Russian	Marennikova SS, Mastiukova IN	Vopr Virusol 1957 2(2):115-7
1958	[Note on the laboratory diagnosis variola] French	Darrasse H, Bres P, Camain R	Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1958 94(5): 577-82
1958	[Use of the hemagglutination-inhibition test for the diagnosis of smallpox] Russian	Marennikova SS	Vopr Virusol 1958 3(2):74-8
1958	On the diagnosis of smallpox	Marsden JP	Br J Clin Pract 1958 12(5): 333-41

Laboratory Research 1959-66

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1959	[Differential diagnosis of varioloid, vesicle-forming exanthem] German	Alexander M, Trautmann F	Arztl Wochensch 1959 14(27): 521-3
1959	[Method for the visualization of pustules of the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo] Spanish	Baquerizo Amador L, Rodriguez Baquerizo O	Rev Ecuat Hig Med Trop 1959 16: 142-51
1959	An agar-gel precipitation test for the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	Dumbell KR, Nizamuddin M	Lancet 1959 1(7079):916-7	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(59)91315-7
1960	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	Ananthanarayan R	Indian Pract 1960 13:39-44
1960	[Note on the diagnosis of variola in the laboratory. II. Method for the inculation of the chorio-allantoic membrane of the chick embryo] French	Bres P, Camain R, Darrasse H	Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1960 99: 92-102
1960	[The differentiation of variola and vaccinia virus in HeLa- and F1-cell cultures] German	Mahnel H, Munz E	Zentralbl Bakteriol 1960 178: 149-55
1960	Differentiation of variola from other members of the poxvirus group by the plaque technique	Mika LA, Pirsch JB	J Bacteriol 1960 80(6): 861-3	DOI: 10.1128/jb.80.6.861-863.1960 PMC: PMC278942
1960	[Use of micro-precipitation in agar in laboratory diagnosis of smallpox] Czech	Sourek J	Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1960 9: 101-5
1961	[Means for the improvement of laboratory smallpox diagnosis] Russian	Avakian AA, Al'Tshtein AD, Kirillova FM, Bykovskii AF	Vopr Virusol 1961 6: 196-203
1961	The status of the microscopic diagnosis in the epidemiology of smallpox	Deodhar NS	Indian J Med Sci 1961 15:517-28
*1961	Laboratory differentiation between variola major and variola minor	Dumbell KR, Bedson HS, Rossier E	Bull WHO 1961 25(1):73-78	PMC: PMC2555551
*1961	[Laboratory diagnostic techniques for smallpox and their comparative evaluation (data of Moscow outbreak, 1960)] Russian Conference on epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, specific prophylaxis & therapy of smallpox. Moscow, USSR, 1961	Marennikova SS, Akatova EM, Gurvich EG, Fuev VA, Ogorodnikova FT, Yumasheva MA	Proceedings, Marennikova SS (ed). Moscow, [Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera], 1961
1961	[On the use of slide agar precipitation reaction in the diagnosis of smallpox] Russian	Marennikova SS, Maltseva NN	Vopr Virusol 1961 6:204-7
1961	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox (isolation of the "Poxvirus variolae" in the chick embryo chorioallantois)] Spanish	Najera Morrondo E	Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 1961 35: 453-9
1962	[Practical diagnosis of smallpox in the laboratory] French	Boue A, Pournaki R	Intl Symp on Smallpox Vaccination, Asso Intl Soc Microbio, Lyon, Dec 1962 Basel, S. Karger, 1962, pp 67-71	DOI: 10.1159/000389825
*1962	[Smallpox. Observations on the reliability of rapid electron microscopic diagnosis] German	Peters D, Nielsen G, Bayer ME	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1962 87:2240-6 [Reprinted in English as WHO/Smallpox/19, 1963]	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1114082 [WHO: 10665/67653]
1962	A tissue culture assay for variola virus based upon the enumeration of hyperplastic foci	Pirsch JB, Purlson EH	J Immunol 1962 89: 632-7
1963	The use of immunofluorescence in the rapid presumptive diagnosis of variola	Kirsh D, Kissling R	Bull WHO 1963 29(1):126-8	PMC: PMC2554785
1963	The diagnosis of smallpox by immunofluroescence	Murray HG	Lancet 1963 1(7286):847-8	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(63)91621-0
1964	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox at the Institute of Marine Medicine in Gda'nsk during the 1963 epidemic] Polish	Blawat F, Kwiatkowski B	Biul Inst Med Morsk Gdansk 1964 15: 23-8
1964	Laboratory aspects Expert Committee on Smallpox, Geneva, Switzerland, 14-20 Jan 1964	Downie AW	Smallpox/WP/2	WHO: 10665/67660
*1964	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox and similar viral diseases by means of tissue culture methods. 3. Additional modes of differentiating viruses of the pox group in tissue culture	Gurvich EB, Marennikova SS	Acta Virol 1964 8: 435-42
1964	[Diagnosis of smallpox and cowpox by the fluorescent antibody technic] Japanese	Kato S	Sogo Rinsho 1964 13: 1239-47
1964	[Rapid method of detection of vaccinia virus by placement in cell culture and identification by direct immunofluorescence. (Preliminary note)] French	Kratchko A, Netter R, Thivolet J	Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1964 107: 184-91
1964	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox and similar viral diseases by means of tissue culture methods. II. Differentiation of smallpox virus from varicella, vaccinia, cowpox and herpes viruses	Marennikova SS, Gurvich EB, Yumasheva MA	Acta Virol 1964 8: 135-42
1964	Electron microscopy in differential diagnosis of poxvirus infections	Nagington J	Br Med J 1964 2(5423):1499-500	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5423.1499 PMC: PMC1817167
1964	[Diagnosis of smallpox in the laboratory] French	Netter R, Lapeyre D	Rev Hyg Med Soc 1964 12: 475-90
1964	Single-dose assay technique for variola virus	Riley JM, Orlando MD	Appl Microbiol 1964 12(1): 7-9	DOI: 10.1128/am.12.1.7-9.1964 PMC: PMC1058054
1965	[Contribution to the rapid diagnosis, by immunofluorescence, of infection and immunity in smallpox and vaccinia] Romanian	Bals M, Caruntu F	Stud Cercet Inframicrobiol 1965 16(3): 211-6
1965	The rapid detection, titration, and differentiation of variola and vaccinia viruses by a fluorescent antibody-coverslip cell monolayer system	Carter GB	Virology 1965 25: 659-62	DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(65)90094-2
1965	Use of the fluorescent antibody technique in the detection and differential diagnosis of smallpox	Gurvich EB, Roihel VM	Acta Virol 1965 9:165-71
1965	Assay of variola virus by the fluorescent cell-counting technique	Hahon N	Appl Microbiol 1965 13(6):865-71	DOI: 10.1128/am.13.6.865-871.1965 PMC: PMC1058363
1965	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox during the 1963 epidemic in Poland] Polish	Meszaros J, Fidziańska E, Kreska B	Przegl Epidemiol 1965 19(3): 335-46
1965	Smallpox diagnosis and electron microscopy	Nagington J, Macrae AD	Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv 1965 24: 382-4
*1966	Electron microscopy in the rapid diagnosis of smallpox	Cruickshank JG, Bedson HS, Watson DH	Lancet 1966 288(7462):527-30	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(66)92882-0

Laboratory Research 1967-80

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1967	[Cytopathological study of 100 cases of varicella and its value in the differential diagnosis of smallpox] Spanish	Castro Garcia J, Cuadra M	An Fac Med Lima 1967 50(3): 525-57
1967	Evaluation of the fluorescent antibody technique for the diagnosis of smallpox	el-Ganzoury AL	J Clin Pathol 1967 20(6):879-82	DOI: 10.1136/jcp.20.6.879 PMC: PMC473631
1967	[Rapid determination of smallpox vaccine virus in tissue cultures by the method of fluorescent antibodies] Russian	Noskov FS	Voen Med Zh 1967 12: 49-52
1968	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox] Turkish	Ari A	Turk Hij Tecr Biyol Derg (1961) 1968 28(3): 209-19
1968	Laboratory aids to the control of smallpox in countries where the disease is not endemic	Dumbell KR	Prog Med Virol 1968 10: 388-97
1968	The development of smallpox laboratory diagnostic services Meeting of Regional Advisers on Smallpox Eradication. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-10 Apr 1968			DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	Comparative studies of diagnostic methods for smallpox	Nathu M et al	Maharashtra Med J 1968 15: 113-5
1969	Rapid methods of diagnosis in smallpox	Bedson HS	Proc R Soc Med 1969 62(4): 373-4	PMC: PMC1810718
1969	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in the Americas] Spanish	Noble J, Salles Gomes LF, Rodrigues Bde A, Bica AN	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1969 66(6): 531-6	PAHO: 10665.2/14521
1969	[A modified indirect hemagglutination reaction for detection of antibodies to smallpox vaccine virus] Russian	Shironin LI	Voen Med Zh 1969 3: 57-61
1970	The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of variola minor (alastrim)	Flewett TH	Br J Clin Pract 1970 24(9): 397-402
1970	Experience with electron microscopy in the differential diagnosis of smallpox	Long GW, Nobel J Jr, Murphy FA, Herrmann KL, Lourie B	Appl Microbiol 1970 20(3):497-504	DOI: 10.1128/am.20.3.497-504.1970 PMC: PMC376966
1970	[Smallpox or chickenpox: A difficult clinical and laboratory diagnosis] Spanish	Lopez JH, Garcia J, Uribe A, Noble J Jr	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1970 68(6): 503-9	PAHO: 10665.2/14484
1970	Accuracy of smallpox diagnosis by immunfluorescence with a purified conjugate	Noble J Jr, Loggins MS	Appl Microbiol 1970 19(5):855-61	DOI: 10.1128/am.19.5.855-861.1970 PMC: PMC376802
1970	A clinical and laboratory study of smallpox in Brazil. Accuracy of the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in patients with Brazilian variola minor infection	Noble J Jr, Long GW, Kirchner E, Sesso J	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970 19(6):1020-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.1020
*1970	Precipitation in gel test in diagnosis of smallpox	Rao AR, Sukumar MS, Kamalakshi S, Paramasivam TV, Shantha M, Parasuraman AR	Indian J Med Res 1970 58(3):271-82	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
*1970	[Analysis of specimens for the diagnosis of smallpox in a laboratory of Brazil] Spanish	Schatzmayr HG, Mesquita JA	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1970 69(6):500-4	PAHO: 10665.2/11589
1970	[Current status of the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox] Romanian	Strati I, Stefanescu V	Stud Cercet Inframicrobiol 1970 21(1): 63-75
*1971	A gel-precipitin test for the diagnosis of varicella	Brunell PA, Cohen BH, Granat M	Bull WHO 1971 44(6):811-4	PMC: PMC2427864
1971	[Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of variola] Norwegian	Harboe A	Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1971 91(2): 93-4
1971	The laboratory investigation of vesicular skin rashes	Bedson HS	Public Health 1971 85(4): 171-4	DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(71)80057-4
1971	A gel-precipitin test for the diagnosis of varicella	Brunell PA, Cohen BH, Granat M	Bull WHO 1971 44(6): 811-4	PMC: PMC2427864
1971	[Laboratory study of smallpox in patients of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Diseases Hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. I. Evaluation of different direct methods of diagnosis]. Portuguese	Kirchner E, Noble J, Sesso J, Long G	Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1971 13(4):257-67
1971	[Current practical means of smallpox diagnosis] French	Netter R	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 64(5): 777-81
1972	[Laboratory study of smallpox in patients of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Disease Hospital of Sao Paulo, Brazil. II. Evaluation and interpretation of the serodiagnosis]. Portuguese	Kirchner E, Noble J, Sesso J, Long G	Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1972 14(2):114-20
*1972	Evaluation of virological laboratory methods for smallpox diagnosis New Approaches to Investigation and Diagnosis of Viral Diseases, Sapporo, Japan, 18-20 Sep 1972	Nakano JH	WHO/SE/72.44 and Bull WHO 1973 48(5):529-34]	WHO: 10665/67506 and 10665/68106 [PMC: PMC2482932]
1972	[Use of the indirect hemagglutination reaction for the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox]. Russian	Noskov FS, Marennikova SS, Konikova RE, Shelukhina EM, Ertte AP	Vopr Virusol 1972 17(3):347-51
1972	Further studies with precipitation in gel test in diagnosis of smallpox. I. Studies on detection of antibodies in sera by pig test	Rao AR, Savithri Sukumar M, Kamalakshi S, Paramasivam TV, Ramakrishnan S	Indian J Med Res 1972 60(9):1254-60	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1972	Studies on laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	Sehgal CL, Murty DK	J Commun Dis 1972 4(1);
*1972	Smallpox in Rhodesia and the use of the electron microscope in the diagnosis of this and other diseases	Swanepoel R, Cruickshank JG	Cent Afr J Med 1972 18(4): 68-72
1973	[The use of the gel immunoelectrodiffusion method in the rapid diagnosis of smallpox in man] Russian	Chimishkian KL, Babesh VT, Shelukhina EM	Rev Roum Virol (1972) 1973 10(1): 19-21
1973	[Two cases of smallpox in Hanover (1967 and 1972): clinical features, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnosis] German	Hopken W, Willers H, Knocke KW, Olberding P, Liess B, Petzold K, Laufs R, Raub HW	Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1973 98(12):587-93	DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1106864
*1973	Differential diagnosis of variola viruses by microfocus assay	Kitamura T, Tanaka Y	Bull WHO 1973 48(4):495-7	DOI: PMC2481097
1973	Evaluation of the precipitation-in-gel reaction in the diagnosis of smallpox	Mitra AC, Sarkar JK, Mukherjee MK, Chakravarty MS	Bull WHO 1973 49(6):555-8	DOI: PMC2481019
1973	Smallpox, vaccinia and human monkeypox viruses [For publication in Manual of clinical microbiology, 2nd ed. Amer Soc for Microbiology. Washington DC	Nakano JH, Bingham PG	SE/73.2	WHO: 10665/68044
1974	Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in India: is it an academic exercise?	Ray SN	J Commun Dis 1974 6:
1974	Differentiation of smallpox and camelpox viruses in cultures of human and monkey cells	Baxby D	J Hyg (Lond) 1974 72(2): 251-4	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400023457 PMC: PMC2130514
1974	Evaluation of egg inoculation and precipitation in gel test for laboratory diagnosis of smallpox	Sehgal CL, Pal SC	Indian J Med Res 1974 62(8):1134-9	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Studies on freeze dried smallpox vaccine as a source of antigen in the precipitation-in-gel test	Sehgal CL, Ray SN	Indian J Med Res 1974 62(9):1407-14	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	[The use of the agar gel precipitation test for the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox] German	Sandow D, Mehner E, Rohde W	Z Med Labortech 1975 16(1): 44-7
1975	Detection by radioimmunoassay of antibodies in human smallpox patients and vaccinees	Ziegler DW, Hutchinson HD, Koplan JP, Nakano JH	J Clin Microbiol 1975 1(3): 311-7	DOI: 10.1128/jcm.1.3.311-317.1975 PMC: PMC275071
1976	Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the diagnosis of smallpox	Kelkar SS, Niphadkar KB	Singapore Med J 1976 17(2): 104-5
*1976	A method for serological differentation of closely related poxviruses	Maltseva NN, Marennikova SS	Acta Virol 1976 20(3): 250-52
*1977	Differentiation of variola, monkeypox, and vaccinia antisera by radioimmunoassay	Hutchinson HD, Ziegler DW, Wells DE, Nakano JH	Bull WHO 1977 55(5): 613-23	PMC: PMC2366687
*1977	Virological studies of smallpox in an endemic area. I. Evaluation of immunofluorescence staining as a rapid diagnostic procedure in the field	Kitamura T, Aoyama Y, Kurata T, Arita M, Imagawa Y	Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1977 30(5):215-27	DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.30.215
1978	A comparative study of precipitation-in-gel test and virus culture in diagnosis of small-pox	Dutta JK, Chadha SK	Indian J Public Health 1978 22(2):174-7
*1978	Role of laboratory diagnosis in the smallpox eradication programme in India	Ježek Z, Basu PN, Sehgal S, Balasubramaniam S, Arya ZS	Indian J Public Health 1978 22(1):113-9
1979	Smallpox Surveillance Report #146, Mar 16 1979 Collection and testing of specimens	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1979 54(11):85	WHO: 10665/222400
*1981	Immunofluorescence staining for detection of variola virus	Tarantola DJ, Huq F, Nakano JH, Foster SO	J Clin Microbiol 1981 13(4):723-5	DOI: 10.1128/jcm.13.4.723-725.1981 PMC: PMC273867

Epidemiology

Mode of Transmission

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1946	The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei	Duguid JP	J Hyg (Lond) 1946 44(6): 471-9	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400019288 PMC: PMC2234804
1947	Survival of variola virus in dried exudate and crusts from smallpox patients	Downie AW, Dumbell KR	Lancet 1947 249(6452): 550-3	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(47)91671-1
1947	Aerial convection of smallpox infection	Millard CK	Public Health 1947 60(8): 165
1947	The present status of the control of air-borne infections. Report of the Subcommittee for the Evaluation of Methods to Control Air-borne Infections, of the Committee on Research and Standards	Perkins JE, Chair, Gilcreas FW, Hollaender A, Langmuir AD, Secy, Robertson OH, Wells WF, Wheatley GM, Yaglou CP	Am J Public Health 1947 37(1): 13-22	DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.37.1.13 PMC: PMC1623240
1948	Air infection with dust liberated from clothing	Duguid JP, Wallace AT	Lancet 1948 252(6535): 845-9	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(48)91428-7
1955	[The transmission mechanism of smallpox] German	Elst E	Arztl Forsch 1955 9(1): 13-32
1957	Survival of variola virus in raw cotton	MacCallum FO, McDonald JR	Bull WHO 1957 16(2): 247-54	PMC: PMC2538235
1958	New sampler for the collection, sizing, and enumeration of viable airborne particles	Andersen AA	J Bacteriol 1958 76(5): 471-84	DOI: 10.1128/jb.76.5.471-484.1958 PMC: PMC290224
1961	Airborne micro-organisms: survival tests with four viruses	Harper GJ	J Hyg (Lond) 1961 59(4): 479-86	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400039176 PMC: PMC2134455
1962	Airbourne spread of smallpox	MacCallum FO	Intl Symp on Smallpox Vaccination, Asso Intl Soc Microbio, Lyon, Dec 1962 Basel, S. Karger, 1962, pp 43-6	DOI: 10.1159/000389819
1964	Inactivation of airborne viruses by ultraviolet irradiation	Jensen MM	Appl Microbiol 1964 12(5): 418-20	DOI: 10.1128/am.12.5.418-420.1964 PMC: PMC1058147
1966	[On the demonstration of airborne viruses. Experiments on the sedimentation of viruses in aerosols] German	Petmezakis J	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 1966 201(3): 273-301
1966	Quantitative studies on fabrics as disseminators of viruses. I. Persistence of vaccinia virus on cotton and wool fabrics	Sidwell RW, Dixon GJ, McNeil E	Appl Microbiol 1966 14(1): 55-9	DOI: 10.1128/am.14.1.55-59.1966 PMC: PMC546618
1969	A note on the studies on the possibility of certain varieties of fish playing any role in the spread of smallpox	Sarkar JK, Ray S	J Indian Med Assoc 1969 53(7):339-40
1970	An adhesive surface sampling technique for airborne viruses	Thomas G	J Hyg (Lond) 1970 68(2): 273-82	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400028734 PMC: PMC2130810
1970	Sampling rabbit pox aerosols of natural origin	Thomas G	J Hyg (Lond) 1970 68(4): 511-7	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400042443 PMC: PMC2130863
1970	An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other recent outbreaks in Europe	Wehrle PF, Posch J, Richter KH, Henderson DA	Bull WHO 1970 43(5): 669-79	PMC: PMC2427800
1970	Airborne transmission of smallpox		WHO Chron 1970 24(7): 311-5
1971	Can Culex pipiens fatigans or Aedes aegypti spread smallpox? A preliminary report	Sarkar JK, Hati AK, Mitra AC	Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1971 19(2):35
1973	Air-transport, a main cause of smallpox epidemics today	Hagelsten JO, Jessen K	Aerosp Med 1973 44(7): 772-4
1973	Role of mosquitoes in the spread of smallpox	Sarkar JK, Hati AK, Mitra AC	J Infect Dis 1973 128(6):781-3	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/128.6.781
1974	Air sampling of smallpox virus	Thomas G	J Hyg (Lond) 1974 73(1): 1-7	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400023767 PMC: PMC2130554

ABO Blood Groups

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1962	Vaccinia and human blood-group-A substance	Harris R, Harrison GA, Rondle CJ	Lancet 1962 279(7230): 622	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(62)91607-0
*1962	Alleged causes of the present-day world distribution of the human ABO blood groups	Pettenkofer HJ, Stoess B, Helmbold W, Vogel F	Nature 1962 193: 445-6	DOI: 10.1038/193445a0
1963	Vaccinia virus and human blood-group-A substance	Harris R, Harrison GA, Rondle CJ	Acta Genet Stat Med 1963 13: 44-57	DOI: 10.1159/000151783
1964	Smallpox and the ABO blood groups in Brazil	Azevedo E, Krieger H, Morton NE	Am J Hum Genet 1964 16(4):451-4	PMC: PMC1932318
*1965	ABO blood group and small pox	Bhattacharyya LM, Sengupta DN, Pain GC, Bose DK, Mukherjee S, Mondal A	J Indian Med Assoc 1965 45(5):234-6
1965	Smallpox vaccination and serum anti-A levels	Bourke GJ, Clarke N	Acta Genet Stat Med 1965 15: 13-20	DOI: 10.1159/000151886
1965	Smallpox vaccination: ABO and Rhesus blood groups	Bourke GJ, Clarke N, Thornton EH	J Med Genet 1965 2(2): 122-5	DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2.2.122 PMC: PMC1012846
*1965	Smallpox frequency and severity in relation to A, B and O blood groups	Downie AW, Meiklejohn G, St Vincent L, Rao AR, Sundara Babu BV, Kempe CH	Bull WHO 1965 33(5):623-5	PMC: PMC2475872
1965	[Susceptibility to severe reactions following smallpox vaccination in persons with blood group A and AB] Czech	Smalik S, Frajtova E, Strzinek M	Vnitr Lek 1965 11(7): 646-50
1966	Relation between smallpox and the ABO blood groups in a rural population of West Bengal	Chakravartti MR, Verma BK, Hanurav TV, Vogel F	Humangenetik 1966 2(1):78-80
*1966	ABO blood groups in active cases of smallpox	Sukumaran PK, Master HR, Undevia JV, Balakrishnan V, Sanghvi LD	Indian J Med Sci 1966 20(2):119-22
*1966	ABO blood groups and smallpox in a rural population of West Bengal and Bihar (India)	Vogel F, Chakravartti MR	Humangenetik 1966 3(2):166-80
*1967	[Smallpox and ABO blood groups in the Congo] French	Lambotte C, Israel E	Ann Soc Belges Med Trop Parasitol Mycol 1967 47(6): 405-11
1968	[Smallpox and ABO blood groups in the Congo] French	Lambotte C	Bull WHO 1968 38(2): 321-2	PMC: PMC2554317
1969	[The effect of smallpox vaccination on the excretion of anti-A and anti-B antibodies into the saliva] German	Buttchereit D, Moeller HG	Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch 1969 92(3): 398-401
*1969	Smallpox and the ABO system in Southern Brazil	Krieger H, Vicente AT	Hum Hered 1969 19(6):654-7	DOI: 10.1159/000152279
1970	[A-B group characterization of smallpox vaccines] German	Moeller HG, Kruger D, Buttchereit D	Z Gesamte Hyg 1970 16(2): 91-3
1971	[Anti-smallpox immunity in children with different blood groups of the ABO system] Russian	Sokhin AA, Lysakova VI, Frolov VK, Anishchenko GA, Sotnik AIa	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1971 48(6): 33-8
1975	[Connection between the group factors of the blood systems ABO, MNSs, and rhesus and peculiarities of the vaccination process in children immunized against smallpox] Russian	Lebedinskii AP, Sokhin AA, Frolov VK, Frolov AK, Lysakova VI	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1975 12: 95-100
1977	[Differences in the vaccinal process in immunization against natural smallpox depending on the ABO blood group] Russian	Lebedinskii AP	Vrach Delo 1977 (5): 141-4
1977	The mechanism of group differences in the character of the vaccinal process in immunization against natural smallpox	Sokhin AA, Lebedinskii AP, Frolov AK, Frolov VK, Sotnik AY, Lysakova VI	J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1977 21(3): 335-40
1978	[Blood groups and the complications of smallpox vaccination] Russian	Tsuranova IG, Lakotkina EA	Pediatriia 1978 (12): 57-8
1979	Smallpox and the ABO system association: A critical review	Krieger H, Barbosa CA	Rev Bras Biol 1979 39(1): 195-9
1980	[Relationship between complications following smallpox vaccination and the ABO-system of the blood] Russian	Gurvich EB, Lakotkina EA, Kossova ET, Stepanenkova LP, Pozdniakova IS, Ozeretskovskii NA	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1980 (1): 100-1
*1980	Lack of correlation between complications after smallpox vaccination and the ABO blood-group system	Gurvich EB, Lakotkina EA, Kossova ET, Stepanenkova LP, Pozdnyakova IS, Ozeretskovskij NA	J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1980 24(2): 200-5

Misc Research

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1944	Smallpox in Kweilin, Kwangsi, 1940-1941. An epidemiological and clinical study	Su TL	Ind Med Gaz 1944 79(7): 332-7	PMC: PMC5218675
1948	Smallpox in Tripolitania, 1946: an epidemiological and clinical study of 500 cases, including trials of penicillin treatment: Kaposi varicelliform eruption]	Dixon CW	J Hyg (Lond) 1948 46(4): 351-77	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400036536 PMC: PMC2235158
1959	Some social and epidemiological aspects of smallpox in West Bengal including Calcutta; the problems of its control and eradication	Chatterjee SK	J Indian Med Assoc 1959 32(3): 89-103
1960	Smallpox in Singapore: a review of some epidemiological features	Kanagaratnam K	Public Health 1960 74: 344-53	DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(60)80014-5
1960	Epidemiological considerations of smallpox control Inter-Regional Smallpox Conference. New Delhi, India, 14-19 Nov 1960	Soewondo R	SEA/SPX/Conf 3
1964	Factors involved in transmission of smallpox and duration of immunity Expert Committee on Smallpox. Geneva, Switzerland, 14-20 January 1964	CW Dixon	Smallpox/WP/7	WHO: 10665/67697
1967	The weeping mother, an unusual source of variola virus	Dekking F, Rao AR, Vincent LS, Kempe CH	Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1967 22(1): 215-8	DOI: 10.1007/BF01240516
1967	The mechanism of spread of variola minor in a hospital ward	Angulo JJ, de Salles-Gomes LF	Hospital (Rio J) 1967 71(4): 1037-45
1967	Age distribution of patients in endemic smallpox. II.	Roberts CJ	Cent Afr J Med 1967 13(3):61-2
1968	Sociological factors in the spread of variola minor in a semi-rural school district	Angulo JJ, Rodrigues-da-Silva G, Rabello SI	J Hyg (Lond) 1968 66(1): 7-18	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400040894 PMC: PMC2130615
1968	Epidemiological studies in smallpox. A study of intrafamilial transmission in a series of 254 infected families	Rao AR, Jacob ES, Kamalakshi S, Appaswamy S, Bradbury	Indian J Med Res 1968 56(12):1826-54	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Joint WHO/CDC/USAID Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, 13-20 May 1969
	— Epidemiology of smallpox in West and Central Africa	Foege WH	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):29-35a
	— Persistence of smallpox in remote unvaccinated villages	Imperato P, Sow O, LaPointe M, Vastine D, Leonard TA	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):47-51
	— Associated with exposure at a funeral ceremony: Smallpox outbreak, Yawei Chiefdom, Kailahun District, Sierra Leone	Cummings EC, Hopkins DR, Thornton JN	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):52-4
	— Role of migrant groups in the transmission of smallpox in Mali	Sow O	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):55-6
	— A study of smallpox in the Tuaregs in Tahoua, Niger	Masso AR	CDC, SEP Report IV(1):57-8
1969	Smallpox and the density of susceptible persons in Matlab, East Pakistan	Arita I	WP/14	WHO: 10665/68251
1969	Smallpox transmission in Southern Dahomey. A study of a village outbreak	Henderson RH, Yekpe M	Am J Epidemiol 1969 90(5):423-8	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121088
1969	Smallpox in a border area		WHO Chron 1969 23(8):379-82
1970	Role of hospital in smallpox outbreak in Kuwait	Arita I, Shafa E, Kader A	Am J Public Health 1970 60(10): 1960-6	DOI: 10.2105/ajph.60.10.1960 PMC: PMC1348984
1971	Epidemiology of variola minor in Brazil based on a study of 33 outbreaks	de Quadros CA, Morris L, da Costa EA, Arnt N, Tigre CH	WHO/SE/71.32 and Bull WHO 1972 46(2):165-71	WHO: 10665/67490 PMC: PMC2480711
1971	The transmission pattern of smallpox in Eastern Mali	Fofana B, Imperato PJ, Nedvideck J	Acta Trop 1971 28(2): 175-9
1971	A study of intrafamilial transmission of smallpox	Heiner GG, Fatima N, McCrumb FR, Jr.	WHO/SE/71.33 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):316-26	WHO: 10665/67491 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121326
1971	Can Culex pipiens fatigans or Aedes aegypti spread smallpox? A preliminary report	Sarkar JK, Hati AK, Mitra AC	Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1971 19(2):35
1971	Endemic smallpox in rural East Pakistan. I. Methodology, clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of cases, and intervillage transmission	Thomas DB, McCormack WM, Arita I, Khan MM, Islam S, Mack TM	WHO/SE/71.24 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 93(5):361-72	WHO: 10665/67482 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121269
1971	Endemic smallpox in rural East Pakistan. II. Intervillage transmission and infectiousness	Thomas DB, Arita I, McCormack WM, Khan MM, Islam S, Mack TM	WHO/SE/71.25 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 93(5):373-83	WHO: 10665/67483 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121270
1972	Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. III. Outbreak detection and interlocality transmission	Thomas DB, Mack TM, Ali A, Muzaffar Khan M	Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(2):178-89 [Reprinted in Am J Epidemiol 1995 141(6):490-501]	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121383 [DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117463]
1972	Epidemiology of variola minor in Brazil: A study of 33 outbreaks	de Quadros CA, Morris L, da Costa EA, Arnt N, Tigre CH	Bull WHO 1972 46(2):165-71	PMC: PMC2480711
1972	Pattern of transmission: Relative significance of cases of varying severity	Rao AR	SE/72.2	WHO: 10665/68032
1972	Infected inanimate objects (fomites) and their role in transmission of smallpox	Rao AR	WHO/SE/72.40	WHO: 10665/67501
1973	Role of mosquitoes in the spread of smallpox	Sarkar JK, Hati AK, Mitra AC	J Infect Dis 1973 128(6): 781-3	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/128.6.781
1975	Pattern of intrafamilial transmission of smallpox in Calcutta, India	Mukherjee MK, Sarkar JK, Mitra AC	WHO/SE/75.73 and Bull WHO 1974 51(3):219-25	WHO: 10665/68172 PMC: PMC2366277
1975	Epidemiological implications of the typing of variola isolates	Dumbell KR, Huq F	WHO/SE/75.74 and Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1975 69(3):303-8	WHO: 10665/68174 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(75)90123-6
1973	Air-transport, a main cause of smallpox epidemics today	Hagelsten JO, Jessen K	Aerosp Med 1973 44(7): 772-4
1977	Analysis of the incidence of variola minor in an outbreak by use of a mathematical model	Chelsky M, Angulo JJ	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 26(1): 152-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.152
1979	A study of smallpox transmission rate in Bangladesh	Tulloch J, Tarantola D	SME/79.1	WHO: 10665/68311
1979	An analysis of the influence of age and school-attendance status on the spread of variola minor	Smith TL, Angulo JJ, Tsokos JO, Tsokos CP	J Theor Biol 1979 21 76(2): 157-65	DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(79)90367-9
1980	Concepts of diffusion theory and a graphic approach to the description of the epidemic flow of contagious disease	Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA, Ebner W, Kimura EM, Megale P	Public Health Rep 1980 95(5): 478-85	PMC: PMC1422743
1980	Population-dynamics models and a sequential test in the analysis of the influence of household setting on the spread of variola minor	Angulo JJ, Smith TL, Tsokos JO, Tsokos CP	J Theor Biol 1980 7 82(1): 91-103	DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(80)90091-0
1981	Sequential analysis of the influence of sex on the spread of the disease variola minor	Tsokos JO, Angulo JJ, Tsokos CP, Smith TL	J Theor Biol 1981 89(3): 341-51	DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(81)90356-8
1993	An hypothesis for the periodicity of smallpox epidemics as revealed by time series analysis	Duncan SR, Scott S, Duncan CJ	J Theor Biol 1993 160(2): 231-48	DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.1993.1016
1995	Invited commentary on Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. III. Outbreak detection and interlocality transmission. 1971. Discussion: DA Henderson	homas DB, Mack TM, Ali A, Khan MM	Am J Epidemiol 1995 141(6):490-501; disc 489	DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112194 and DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117463
1999	Smallpox: clinical and epidemiologic features	Henderson DA	Emerg Infect Dis 1999 5(4):537-9	DOI: 10.3201/eid0504.990415 PMC: PMC2627742
2001	WER. Smallpox	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 2001 Nov 2 76(44):337-44	WHO: 10665/231685

Variola Minor & Alastrim

1900-44

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1900	Remarks on the present mild type of smallpox; the symptoms and treatment	Welch WM	Tex Med J (Austin) 1900 15(8): 435-52	PMC: PMC9595733
1901	Notes on a mild type of small-pox: (variola ambulans?)	Montizambert F	Br Med J 1901 1(2106): 1134	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2106.1134 PMC: PMC2400964
1901	Remarks on the present mild type of smallpox; the symptoms and diagnosis	Welch WM	Tex Med J (Austin) 1901 16(8): 341-55	PMC: PMC9591547
*1904	Amaas, or kaffir milk-pox	de Korte WE	Lancet 1904 163(4210):1273-6	DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)66565-0
*1911	[Studies on alastrim] German	Aragao H de B	Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1911 3: 309-19
*1911	[Apropos of a very mild smallpox epidemic] French	Carini A	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1911 4: 35-7
1914	Smallpox in New South Wales		Can Med Assoc J 1914 4(8): 721-4	PMC: PMC406711
1915	The recent epidemic of small-pox in New South Wales: its diagnosis and prevention	Armstrong WG	Proc R Soc Med 1915 8(Sect Epidemiol State Med): 1-18	PMC: PMC2004206
1915	The nature of the recent small-pox epidemic in Australia: microbiological findings and animal inoculations	Cleland JB, Ferguson EW	Proc R Soc Med 1915 8(Sect Epidemiol State Med): 19-40	PMC: PMC2004207
1920	The relationship of smallpox and alastrim	Copeman SM	Proc R Soc Med 1920 13(Sect Epidemiol State Med): 237-60	PMC: PMC2152677
*1921	Alastrim in Jamaica	MacCallum WG, Moody LM	Am J Epidemiol 1921 1(4): 388-409,	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118044
*1922	Alastrim; or Kaffir milk-pox	Moody LM	Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1922 16:21-46
1924	A case of alastrim (Kaffir pox)	Mukerji BK	Ind Med Gaz 1924 59(2):89-90	PMC: PMC5172660
1927	A short note on mild small-pox in Patna	Das JL	Ind Med Gaz 1927 62(11): 634	PMC: PMC5197967
1927	Notes on two cases of alastrim	Ghosh JM	Ind Med Gaz 1927 62(10):572	PMC: PMC5197761
1928	Alastrim a form of smallpox		Am J Public Health 1928 18(2): 203-4	DOI: 10.2105/ajph.18.2.203 PMC: PMC1580386
1929	Alastrim or small-pox?	Nag SC	Ind Med Gaz 1929 64(2): 90	PMC: PMC5164333
*1929	[Variola and alastrim]	Sobernheim	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 1929 110:97-115
*1932	Permanency of the mild type of smallpox	Chapin CV, Smith J	J Prev Med 1932 1(1-39)
*1935	[Culture of the alastrim virus on the membranes of the chick embryo] French	Torres CM, Teixeira J de C	C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 1935 118:1023-4
*1936	Further studies on the pathology of alastrim and their significance in the variola-alastrim problem Lloyd Roberts Lecture: Sect of Trop Dis & Parasitol	Torres CM	Proc R Soc Med 1936 29(12): 1525-40	PMC: PMC2076288
*1939	Cross immunity experiments in monkeys between variola, alastrim and vaccinia	Horgan ES, Haseeb MA	J Hyg (Lond) 1939 39(6): 615-37	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400059556 PMC: PMC2199512
1940	Cross-immunity between variola, vaccinia, and alastrim		Br Med J 1940 2(4154): 228	PMC: PMC2178737

1945-58

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988


1945	[On four probable cases of alastrim] French	Madon R	Maroc Med 1945 24: 217-9
1945	Variola minor in Kenya	Stott H	Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1945 38(6): 445-60	DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(45)90054-x
1947	[Smallpox and alastrim] French	Dubois A	Rev Med Liege 1947 2(11): 281-4
1948	The immunological relationships of strains of alastrim virus	Horgan ES, Haseeb MA, Satti MH	Br J Exp Pathol 1948 29(4): 347-55	PMC: PMC2073064
*1948	Variola minor: a personal analysis of 13,686 cases (Orig publ as Report to the London Country Council, No. 3209, 1936)	Marsden JP	Bull Hyg (Lond) 1948 23:735-46
1950	[General considerations on alastrim] Spanish	Inda FF	Dia Med 1950 22(78): 3445-8
1950	[Study of endemia of alastrim in the area of Caracas, 1945-1949] Spanish	Rodriguez Cabrera JH	Rev Sanid Asist Soc 1950 15(1-2): 81-4
1951	[Comment on hologenesis of smallpox] German	Reinhart W	Wien Klin Wochenschr 1951 63(52): 979-81
1951	[Present state of the problem of variola-alastrim] Spanish	Steinberg IR, Ink J, Markmann R, Diaz Trigo A	Sem Med 1951 99(16): 619-21
1952	Laboratory methods in the diagnosis of alastrim	Downie AW, McCarthy K, Macdonald A	Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv 1952 II: 227-30
1952	Variola minor	Marsden JP	Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv 1952 11: 74-7
1952	Variola minor [annotations]		Br Med J 1952 1(4756): 478	PMC: PMC2022877
1952	General medical council: Variola minor in Lancashire		Lancet 1952 259(6706): 507	DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(52)90067-6
1952	Alastrim again?		Lancet 1952 259(6704): 405	DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(52)90013-5
1953	Variola minor in Rochdale and district, 1951-52	Innes J	Public Health 1953 66(9): 136-8	DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3506(52)80158-1
1953	[Smallpox, cowpox and alastrim] Portuguese	Lacorte JG	Hospital (Rio J) 1953 43(6): 807-22
1953	[Smallpox (alastrim) in Paraguay; control of the 1947 epidemic in comparison with typhoid fever, tetanus and diphtheria] Portuguese	Lagoa FR	Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1953 51: 741-50; English translation 51-2
1953	The serum antibody response in alastrim	McCarthy K, Downie AW	Lancet 1953 261(6754): 257-60	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90935-0
1954	[The concept of alastrim] Dutch	Dinger JE	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1954 98(16): 1089-98
1954	[Dermatological aspects of an alastrium epidemic] Dutch	Polano MK	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1954 98(46): 3345-7
1955	[Clinical experience with alastrim at the Hague] Dutch	Blomhert G	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1955 99(9): 681-6
1955	[Alastrium, a disease sui generis] Dutch	de Jong M	Acta Leiden 1955 25: 145-232
1955	The concept of alastrim	Dinger JE	Doc Med Geogr Trop 1955 7(2): 108-12
1956	Clinical experiences with alastrim	Blomhert G	Doc Med Geogr Trop 1956 8(3): 197-201
*1956	The alastrim epidemic in the Hague, 1953-1954	de Jong M	Doc Med Geogr Trop 1956 8(3): 207-35
*1956	Difference in persistence of smallpox and alastrim virus on the chorio-allantois	Dinger JE	Doc Med Geogr Trop 1956 8(3): 202-6
1956	[Differences in survival of smallpox and alastrim virus on chorio-allantoic membrane] Dutch	Dinger JE	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1956 100(16): 1160-4
*1957	Smallpox and alastrim: use of the chick embryo to distinguish between the viruses of variola major and variola minor	Helbert D	Lancet 1957 272(6977): 1012-4	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)91334-x
1957	[Histology of alastrim vesicles in comparison with other virus diseases with vesicle manifestations] Dutch	Polano MK	Arch Belg Dermatol Syphiligr 1957 13(4): 321-8

1959-66

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988


1959	[Epidemiology and prevention of smallpox, alastrim and chickenpox] Portuguese	Thibau J	Rev Bras Malariol Doencas Trop 1959 16: 503-8
*1961	The laboratory differentiation between variola major and variola minor	Dumbell KR, Bedson HS, Rossier E	Bull WHO 1961 25(1): 73-8	PMC: PMC2555551
*1960	A comparison of the haemagglutinins of variola, alastrim, vaccinia, cowpox and ectromelia viruses	McCarthy K, Helbert D	J Pathol Bacteriol 1960 79:416-20
*1961	A simple laboratory test to distinguish the virus of smallpox from that of alastrim	Nizamuddin M, Dumbell KR	Lancet 1961 277(7168): 68-9	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(61)92117-1
1962	Variola major and variola minor	Downie AW, Dumbell KR	Intl Symp on Smallpox Vaccination, Asso Intl Soc Microbio, Lyon, Dec 1962 Basel, S. Karger, 1962, pp 61	DOI: 10.1159/000389823
1962	Medicine: Jimmy Orr's fateful journey		Time 1962 Aug 31	URL: content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938891,00.html
1963	[The differences in alastrim virus] Spanish	Briceno Rossi AL	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1963 54: 419-23	PAHO: 10665.2/15184
*1963	Alastrim in Brazil	Downie AW, Dumbell KR, Ayroza Galvao PO, Zatz I	Trop Geogr Med 1963 15:25-8
1963	Fetal infection in chickenpox and alastrim, with histopathologic study of the placenta	Garcia AG	Pediatrics 1963 32(5): 895-901	DOI: 10.1542/peds.32.5.895
1963	Inclusion markers of cowpox virus and alastrim virus	Kato S, Hara J, Ogawa M, Miyamoto H, Kamahora J	Biken J 1963 6: 233-5
*1963	Epidemic of variola minor in a suburb of Sao Paulo	Rodrigues-da-Silva G, Rabello SI, Angulo JJ	Public Health Rep (1896) 1963 78(2): 165-74	PMC: PMC1915201
*1964	Variola minor in a primary school	Angulo JJ, Rodrigues-Da-Silva G, Rabello SI	Public Health Rep (1896) 1964 79(4): 355-65	PMC: PMC1915368
1964	The viruses of variola major, variola minor and atypical strains Expert Committee on Smallpox, Geneva CH, 14-20 Jan 1964	Downie AW	Smallpox/WP/14	WHO: 10665/67665
1965	[Smallpox and alastrim, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil] Portuguese	Clausell DT	Hospital (Rio J) 1965 68(1):177-81
*1965	Clinical and subclinical variola minor in a ward outbreak	de Salles-Gomes LF, Angulo JJ, Menezes E, Zamith VA	J Hyg (Lond) 1965 63(1): 49-58	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400044958 PMC: PMC2134637
1965	[Properties of the alastrim virus] Russian	Marennikova SS, Akatova-Shelukhina EM, Gurvich EB	Vopr Virusol 1965 10(4): 439-47

1967 & Beyond

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1966	Variola minor. A preliminary report from the Birmingham Hospital region	Gordon CW, Donnelly JD, Fothergill R, Ker FL, Millar EL, Flewett TH, Bedson HS, Cruickshank JG	Lancet 1966 287(7450): 1311-3	DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(66)91213-X
1966	Variola minor	Welch EM, Mason DM	Nurs Times 1966 62(28): 928-30
1966	Mild smallpox		Br Med J 1966 1(5498): 1248-9	PMC: PMC1844583
1966	Diagnosis of variola minor		Br Med J 1966 2(5508): 255-6288	PMC: PMC1943306
1967	The mechanism of spread of variola minor in a hospital ward	Angulo JJ, de Salles-Gomes LF	Hospital (Rio J) 1967 71(4): 1037-45
*1967	Spread of variola minor in households	Angulo JJ, Rodrigues-da-Silva G, Rabello SI	Am J Epidemiol 1967 86(3):479-87	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120758
1967	Variola minor. Observations and experiences in Staffordshire, England, during 1966	Ker FL	Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1967 6(9): 533-9	DOI: 10.1177/000992286700600910
*1967	Palaeo-electron microscopy of mummified tissue	Lewin PK	Nature 1967 213(5074): 416-7	DOI: 10.1038/213416a0
1967	Variability of variola and alastrim virus	Marennikova SS, Gurvich EB, Kaptsova TI	J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1967 11(2): 184-91
1967	Variola minor in the United States	Wolman IJ	Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1967 6(9): 514	DOI: 10.1177/000992286700600902
*1968	Sociological factors in the spread of variola minor in a semi-rural school district	Angulo JJ, Rodrigues-da-Silva G, Rabello SI	J Hyg (Lond) 1968 66(1): 7-18	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400040894 PMC: PMC2130615
1968	Comparative studies on the histological picture of lesions in chick chorio-allantoic membranes infected with vaccinia, smallpox and alastrim viruses	Blawat F, Zawistowski S, Kubica B, Dabrowski J	Biul Inst Med Morsk Gdansk 1968 19(1): 39-48
*1968	The survival of smallpox virus (variola minor) in natural circumstances	Wolff HL, Croon JJ	Bull WHO 1968 38(3): 492-3	PMC: PMC2554478
1970	The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of variola minor (alastrim)	Flewett TH	Br J Clin Pract 1970 24(9): 397-402
1970	An alastrim outbreak in the Gran Sabana (State of Bolivar), Venezuela, 1962	Halbrohr JG	WHO/SE/70.14	WHO: 10665/67471
*1970	A clinical and laboratory study of smallpox in Brazil. Accuracy of the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in patients with Brazilian variola minor infection	Noble J Jr, Long GW, Kirchner E, Sesso J	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970 19(6):1020-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.1020
1970	The inhibition of variola minor virus multiplication by rifampicin	Pennington TH	Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1970 31(3): 281-92	DOI: 10.1007/BF01253763
1970	[Characteristics of strains of smallpox virus isolated from various forms of the disease] Russian	Shafikova RA, Marennikova SS	Vopr Virusol 1970 15(6): 699-702
*1971	Epidemiology of variola minor in Brazil based on a study of 33 outbreaks	de Quadros CC, Morris L, Da Costa EA, Arnt N, Tigre CH	WHO/SE/71.32 and Bull WHO 1972 46(2)165-71	WHO: 10665/67490 10665/67490 PMC: PMC2480711
1971	Comparative studies on the properties of variola virus strains. II. Pathogenicity for suckling mice and gamma-irradiated adult white mice	Shafikova RA, Marennikova SS	Acta Virol 1971 15(4): 321-3
1972	Microelectrophoresis of enzyme and chemically treated viruses and cores of vaccinia, buffalopox, variola and alastrim	Hill BJ, Baxby D, Douglas HW	J Gen Virol 1972 16(1): 39-46	DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-16-1-39
1973	Temperature-sensitive events in the growth of alastrim virus in chick embryo cells	Cooper RJ, Bedson HS	J Gen Virol 1973 21(2): 239-51	DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-21-2-239
1973	Evaluation of the methods of differentiation of variola and alastrim viruses	Marennikova SS, Shafikova RA	J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1973 17(3): 261-5
1973	Spread of variola minor among vaccinated members of a household	Rodrigues-da-Silva G, Angulo JJ, Rabello SI	Scand J Infect Dis 1973 5(3): 177-9	DOI: 10.3109/inf.1973.5.issue-3.04
*1973	[Hemorrhagic smallpox caused by alastrim virus: report on a case in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil] Portuguese [Also issued in English]	Tigre CHF, Martinez AV, Fischmann A	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1973 75(4) 293-296 [Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1973 7(3):26-28]	PAHO: 10665.2/18042
*1974	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Space-time interactions among variola minor cases in two elementary schools	Klauber MR, Angulo JJ	Am J Epidemiol 1974 99(1):65-74	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121587
*1974	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Lack of evidence indicating the influence of contaminated classrooms on spread of the disease	Klauber MR, Angulo JJ	J Hyg (Lond) 1974 72(2):281-8	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400023494 PMC: PMC2130518
1975	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956. Flow of the epidemic through the schools of the county	Pederneiras CA, Angulo JJ, Megale P	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig B 1975 160(2):180-90
1976	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Overall description of the epidemic and of its study	Angulo JJ	Int J Epidemiol 1976 5(4):359-66	DOI: 10.1093/ije/5.4.359
1976	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Plan of the serological study and some general results	de Salles-Gomes LF, Angulo JJ, Magaldi-Jordao FB, França R, Amorosino A	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1976 69(5):471-7
1976	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista county, 1956: Attack rates in various population units of the two schools including most students with the disease	Klauber MR, Angulo JJ	Am J Epidemiol 1976 103(1):112-25	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112199
1977	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista county, 1956: A trend-surface analysis	Angulo JJ, Haggett P, Megale P, Pederneiras AA	Am J Epidemiol 1977 105(3):272-8	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112383
1977	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Respiratory manifestations in cases of variola and in household contacts of cases	Angulo JJ, Pederneiras AA, Megale P, Sakuma ME	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1977 70(3):282-8
1977	Analysis of the incidence of variola minor in an outbreak by use of a mathematical model	Chelsky M, Angulo JJ	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 26(1): 152-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.152
1978	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Distribution of onset of cases in the two schools including most school children with variola	Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA, Sakuma ME, Megale P	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(3):252-7
1978	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Propagating-rate analysis of the spread of variola minor in two elementary schools	Chelsky M, Angulo JJ	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(2):147-53
1979	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Household aggregation of the disease and the influence of household size on the attack rate	Angulo JJ, Walter SD	J Hyg (Lond) 1979 82(1):1-6	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400025407 PMC: PMC2130117
1979	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista county, 1956: Observations on the clinical course of variola minor and on pregnancy in women with the disease	Megale P, Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1979 72(1):11-20
*1979	Variola virus strains of 1960--1975: the range of intraspecies variability and relationship between properties and geographic origin	Shelukhina EM, Marennikova SS, Shenkman LS, Froltsova AE	Acta Virol 1979 23(5): 360-6
1979	An analysis of the influence of age and school-attendance status on the spread of variola minor	Smith TL, Angulo JJ, Tsokos JO, Tsokos CP	J Theor Biol 1979 21 76(2): 157-65	DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(79)90367-9
1980	Population-dynamics models and a sequential test in the analysis of the influence of household setting on the spread of variola minor	Angulo JJ, Smith TL, Tsokos JO, Tsokos CP	J Theor Biol 1980 7 82(1): 91-103	DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(80)90091-0
*1980	Residual skin changes in patients who have recovered from variola minor	Jezek Z, Hardjotanojo W	Bull WHO 1980 58(1): 139-40	PMC: PMC2395885
1981	Facial scarring after varicella: A comparison with variola major and variola minor	Jezek Z, Hardjotanojo W, Rangaraj AG	Am J Epidemiol 1981 114(6): 798-803	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113250
1981	Multivariate analysis of the role of school-attendance status in the introduction of variola minor into the household	Morrill RL, Angulo JJ	Soc Sci Med D 1981 15(4): 479-87	DOI: 10.1016/0160-8002(81)90043-5
1981	Sequential analysis of the influence of sex on the spread of the disease variola minor	Tsokos JO, Angulo JJ, Tsokos CP, Smith TL	J Theor Biol 1981 89(3): 341-51	DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(81)90356-8
*1982	The pathogenicity of variola virus. A comparison of the growth of standard strains of variola major and variola minor viruses in cell cultures from human embryos	Dumbell KR, Wells DG	J Hyg (Lond) 1982 89(3): 389-97	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400070960 PMC: PMC2134246
*1986	The virology of variola minor. Correlation of laboratory tests with the geographic distribution and human virulance of variola isolates	Dumbell KR, Huq F	Am J Epidemiol 1986 123(3): 403-15	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114255
2017	Variola minor in coalfield areas of England and Wales, 1921-34: Geographical determinants of a national smallpox epidemic that spread out of effective control	Smallman-Raynor MR, Rafferty S, Cliff AD	Soc Sci Med 2017 180: 160-9	DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.044
2020	Was smallpox a widespread mild disease?	Alcami A	Science 2020 369(6502): 376-7	DOI: 10.1126/science.abd1214

Complications & Sequelae

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1886	On some chronic nervous sequelae of small-pox, especially as affecting the speech	Whipham TT, Myers AT	Br Med J 1886 1(1317): 584-6	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.1317.584 PMC: PMC2257061
1890	Joint diseases following variola	Mitra A	Ind Med Gaz 1890 25(3): 72	PMC: PMC5149196
1904	The central nervous system in variola	Southard EE	J Med Res 1904 11(1): 298-300	PMC: PMC2104633
1927	Arthritis of both elbow joints following small-pox	Chawal GS	Ind Med Gaz 1927 62(5): 296	PMC: PMC5197504
1927	Arthritis following small-pox	Dakshinamurthi TS	Ind Med Gaz 1927 62(8): 475	PMC: PMC5197882
1932	Acute perivascular myelinoclasis ("acute disseminated encephalomyelitis") in smallpox	Marsden JP, Hurst EW	Brain 932 55:181-225
1936	A critical review of the clinical features of 13,686 cases of smallpox (variola minor), London County Council Report No. 309 Reprinted as: Variola minor: a personal analysis of 13,686 cases	Marsden JP	Bull Hyg (Lond) 1948 23: 735-48
1939	Purulent arthritis complicating smallpox	Wallace EH, Amin Ul H	Ind Med Gaz 1939 74(8): 479	PMC: PMC5151587
1951	Neurologic complications following smallpox	Kramer W	Folia Psychiatr Neurol Neurochir Neerl 1951 54(6): 416-30
1960	Pregnancy associated with haemorrhagic smallpox	Paranjothy D, Samuel I	J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp 1960 67: 309-13	DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1960.tb07002.x
1963	[Neurologic manifestations in a case of smallpox] Portuguese	de Salles-Gomes L, Pederneiras CA, Angulo JJ, de Bastos CO, Borges DR, Fagin JE	Rev Paul Med 1963 62: 73-82
1964	[Hydrocephalus due to smallpox occurring in the fetal period] Portuguese	de Almeida GM	Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1964 22: 166-94
1964	Ocular problems of smallpox	Mishra	Med Dig (India) 1964 32: 427-30
1964	Multiple abscesses as a sequel of untreated small pox	Roberts CJ	Cent Afr J Med 1964 10: 447
1965	Eye lesions in variola patients	Basarodin, Heath AA	Paediatr Indones 1965 5(1-2): 437-9
1965	Some complications of untreated smallpox	Roberts CJ	Cent Afr J Med 1965 11: 141-2
1966	Ankyloblepharon following smallpox	Saxena RC, Garg KC, Ramchand S	Am J Ophthalmol 1966 61(1): 169-71	DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(66)90762-8
1969	Conjunctivitis and subclinical infection in smallpox	Kempe CH, Dekking F, Saint Vincent L, Rao AR, Downie AW	J Hyg (Lond) 1969 67(4): 631-6	DOI: 10.1017/s002217240004208x PMC: PMC2130760
2001	[Blindness due to variola in the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart] Czech	Dolezalova V	Cesk Slov Oftalmol 2001 57(4): 284-6

Treatment & and Prophylaxis

The history of treatments attempted for smallpox is long and colorful. Journals such as the British Medical Journal and the Indian Medical Gazette have made their century-old archives publicly available by publishing them online as PMC files. The prose is lively, the opinions frank and often contentious as doctors sought remedies for a disease whose cause was then unknown.

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Overviews & Analyses

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1955	The treatment of smallpox in Peru in 1589	Clark CU	J Hist Med Allied Sci 1955 10(3): 327-31
1942	The treatment for inoculated small-pox in 1764 and how it actually felt	Fitz R	Ann Med Hist 1942 4(2): 110-3	PMC: PMC7942465
*1965	The history and traditional treatment of smallpox in Ethiopia	Pankhurst R	Med Hist 1965 9(4): 343-55	DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300030994 PMC: PMC1033531
2012	In vitro characterization of a nineteenth-century therapy for smallpox	Arndt W, Mitnik C, Denzler KL, White S, Waters R, Jacobs BL, Rochon Y, Olson VA, Damon IK, Langland JO	PLoS One 2012 7(3): e32610	DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032610 PMC: PMC3302891
2013	[Treatment and remedies against smallpox outbreaks in Ferrara in the late nineteenth century] Italian	Vicentini CB, Manfredini S, Altieri L, Lupi S, Guidi E, Contini C	Infez Med 2013 21(3): 235-48
1976	The history and traditional treatment of smallpox in the Sudan	Bayoumi A	J East Afr Res Dev 1976 1: 1-10
1968	Traditional beliefs about smallpox and its treatment in the Republic of Mali	Imperato PJ, Traore D	J Trop Med Hyg 1968 71(9): 224-8
2021	[Salting a newborn baby as a prophylactic against smallpox] Hebrew	Lerman Y, Sinclair D	Harefuah 2021 160(3): 189-90

19th Century

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1829	Extract. Observations on the treatment of small-pox	Stewart A	Med Chir Rev 1829 11(21): 148-50	PMC: PMC5105802
1830	Principles of military surgery: comprising observations on the arrangement, police, and practice of hospitals, and on the history, treatment, and anomalies of variola and syphilis. 3rd edition. London, John Wilson	Hennen J	Referenced in: Med Chir Rev 1830 12(24): 361-2	PMC: PMC5107805
1834	Review: A compendious history of small-pox, with an account of a mode of local treatment which prevents scarring (publ 1833)	George H	Med Chir Rev 1834 20(39): 59-62	PMC: PMC5091476
1841	Sketch of the treatment of small-pox	Munoz M	Prov Med Surg J 1841 2(49): 452-7	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.s1-2.49.452 PMC: PMC2489250
1843	M. Bailleul's treatment of small-pox		Prov Med J Retrosp Med Sci 1843 7(160): 46	PMC: PMC2558006
1855	Observations on some of the means recently proposed for the prevention of pitting in small-pox	Wallace J	Glasgow Med J 1855 3(10): 150-5	PMC: PMC5775641
1856	On the prevention of pitting in smallpox	Wallace J	Atlanta Med Surg J 1856 1(8): 481-3	PMC: PMC7030683
1859	Prevention of pitting in small-pox	Denny TS	Atlanta Med Surg J 1859 4(12): 733-4	PMC: PMC8852583
1859	Application of glycerine in variola	Demme TA	Atlanta Med Surg J 1859 4(9): 580	PMC: PMC8852506
1859	Prevention of pitting in small-pox	Denny TS	Atlanta Med Surg J 1859 4(12): 733-4	PMC: PMC8852583
1860	Hydrochloric acid in small-pox	McDonald W	N Y Mon Rev Med Surg Sci Buffalo Med J 1860 15(11): 735	PMC: PMC8821275
1863	Sarracenia purpurea as a remedy for small-pox		Buffalo Med Surg J 1863 3(2): 59-60	PMC: PMC9423441
1863	On an Indian remedy for small-pox	Miles HC	Trans Epidemiol Soc Lond 1863 1(Pt 3): 278-81	PMC: PMC5511402
1863	A mode of preventing pitting in small-pox	Painter RB	Buffalo Med Surg J 1863 3(1): 21-3	PMC: PMC9423583
1865	Report of the trial of sarracenia purpurea, or the pitcher plant, in small-pox	Marson JF	Trans Epidemiol Soc Lond 1865 2(Pt 1): 107-11	PMC: PMC5523484
1866	The local application of the subuitrate of bismuth to prevent pitting in variola		Atlanta Med Surg J 1866 78(1): 46-7	PMC: PMC8823742
1868	Sarracenia purpurea as a remedy for small-pox	M'Nutt WF	Buffalo Med Surg J 1868 8(2): 58-60	PMC: PMC9435214
1868	On the treatment of small-pox	Smith A	Br Med J 1868 1(380): 346	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.380.346 PMC: PMC2309974
1869	Carbolic acid in small-pox	Francis CR	Ind Med Gaz 1869 4(8): 162	PMC: PMC5176972
1870	Hyposulphite of soda in small-pox	Ellis JC	Ind Med Gaz 1870 5(1): 3	PMC: PMC5165412
1870	Proposed method to prevent pitting after small-pox	Startin J	Br Med J 1870 1(494): 623	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.494.623 PMC: PMC2260289
1871	Suggestion as to the treatment of hæmorrhagic small-pox	Aikman J	Glasgow Med J 1871 3(4): 494	PMC: PMC5878529
1871	A suggestion as to the causes and treatment of the hæmorrhagic type of small-pox	Aikman J	Glasgow Med J 1871 4(1): 52-67	PMC: PMC5879381
1871	Small-pox imported into Iceland by French fishing vessels, stamped out by quarantine and sulphurous fumigations	Hjaltelin J	Br Med J 1871 2(566): 519-20	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.566.519 PMC: PMC2261868
1871	Small-pox and scarlet fever disinfectants	Roberts C	Br Med J 1871 1(530): 195	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.530.195 PMC: PMC2260401
1871	The antiseptic treatment of small-pox	Sansom AE	Br Med J 1871 2(569): 611	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.569.611 PMC: PMC2261927
1871	On the use of carbolic acid to prevent pitting after smallpox	Scott W	Edinb Med J 1871 17(2): 191-2	PMC: PMC5402080
1871	On the action of light in small-pox	Waters JH	Atlanta Med Surg J 1871 9b(2): 85-7	PMC: PMC8873660
1871	On the action of light in small-pox	Waters JH	Atlanta Med Surg J 1871 9b(4-5): 265-8	PMC: PMC8873903
1872	Disinfectant treatment of small-pox		Buffalo Med Surg J 1872 11(8): 304-5	PMC: PMC9447263
1872	Treatment of small-pox		Buffalo Med Surg J 1872 11(8): 305-6	PMC: PMC9447253
1872	Xylol in smallpox		Edinb Med J 1872 17(12): 1140	PMC: PMC5323595
1872	External application of carbolic acid in cases of small-pox		Ind Med Gaz 1872 7(4): 93	PMC: PMC5132941
1872	The use of baths in small-pox	Baeumler C	Br Med J 1872 1(576): 45-6	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.576.45-a PMC: PMC2297105
1872	The treatment of small-pox by vaccination and injection of lymph	Furley RC	Br Med J 1872 1(597): 608-9	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.597.608 PMC: PMC2296553
1872	On the treatment of small-pox by vaccination and injection of lymph	Grieve R	Br Med J 1872 1(599): 667	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.599.667 PMC: PMC2296609
1872	Clinical remarks on the treatment of small-pox: being portions of a clinical lecture delivered in Dr. Steevens's hospital, Dublin	Grimshaw TW	Br Med J 1872 1(585): 283-4	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.585.283 PMC: PMC2297303
1872	Some remarks on the "vaccination treatment" of small-pox	Grimshaw TW	Br Med J 1872 2(609): 238-9	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.609.238 PMC: PMC2297034
1872	Notes on the use of xylol in small-pox, with remarks on the fallacies incidental to the treatment of small-pox	Russell JB	Glasgow Med J 1872 4(3): 342-54	PMC: PMC5879433
1873	Vinegar as a protective against small-pox		South Med Rec 1873 3(11): 669-70	PMC: PMC9004985
1873	Cases of small-pox treated with sulphuret of calcium solution	Peters CT	Ind Med Gaz 1873 8(8): 211-2	PMC: PMC5175623
1875	Abstract of communication on the curative influence of vaccination in the treatment of variola	Furley RC	Trans Edinb Obstet Soc 1875 3: 110	PMC: PMC5533411
1876	Salicylic acid in small-pox		Atlanta Med Surg J 1876 14(8): 508-9	PMC: PMC8816104
1876	Small-pox	Bell R	Br Med J 1876 2(830): 677-8	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.830.677 PMC: PMC2298189
1877	Treatment of small-pox by cold baths	Clement, Gemmell S	Glasgow Med J 1877 9(2): 217-23	PMC: PMC5899545
1878	Carbolic acid as an external application in small-pox	Cantab MB	Ind Med Gaz 1878 13(9): 257	PMC: PMC5130703
1879	Turpentine as an external application for small-pox		Atlanta Med Surg J 1879 17(6): 373	PMC: PMC8856489
1880	A new treatment of smallpox		Atlanta Med Surg J 1880 18(4): 254-5	PMC: PMC8809750
1881	A cure for small-pox		Halls J Health 1881 28(11): 432	PMC: PMC9216957
1884	On the treatment of small-pox and chicken-pox by the external application of calcium sulphide lotion	Peters CJ	Ind Med Gaz 1884 19(5): 137-9	PMC: PMC5166755
1884	Small-pox treated by calcium sulphide lotion	Poynder GF	Ind Med Gaz 1884 19(8): 245	PMC: PMC5166780
1894	The "red chamber" treatment of small-pox patients		Hospital (Lond 1886) 1894 17(423): 84	PMC: PMC5249361
1894	The "red chamber" treatment of small-pox patients		Hospital (Lond 1886) 1894 17(424): 106	PMC: PMC5249475
1895	The red light treatment of small-pox	Finsen NR	Br Med J 1895 2(1823): 1412-4	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.1823.1412-a PMC: PMC2509016
1899	Bi-chloride of mercury baths in the treatment of variola	Bibb RHL	Tex Med J (Austin) 1899 15(5): 245-9	PMC: PMC9595800
1899	On antistreptococcic serum in the treatment of small-pox	Lindsay WJ	Br Med J 1899 1(2002): 1144-6	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2002.1144 PMC: PMC2463194
1899	Rational treatment of smallpox	Osborn TC	Tex Med J (Austin) 1899 15(6): 302-5	PMC: PMC9595847

1900-1944

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1900	Clinical experience with salol in treatment of small-pox	Begg C	Trans Med Chir Soc Edinb 1900 19: 56-8	PMC: PMC5522571
1900	The treatment of small-pox by salol	Biernacki J, Jones PN	Br Med J 1900 1(2057): 1337-8	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2057.1337 PMC: PMC2506533
1900	Remarks on the present mild type of smallpox; the symptoms and treatment	Welch WM	Tex Med J (Austin) 1900 15(8): 435-52	PMC: PMC9595733
1901	Salol in small-pox	Bharucha ES	Ind Med Gaz 1901 36(10): 380	PMC: PMC5164167
1901	Prophylaxis of small-pox	Rylands MN	Ind Med Gaz 1901 36(5): 197	PMC: PMC5164137
1901	Remarks on the present mild type of smallpox; the symptoms and diagnosis	Welch WM	Tex Med J (Austin) 1901 16(8): 341-55	PMC: PMC9591547
1902	Salol in the treatment of small-pox	Thomson RS, Love A	Glasgow Med J 1902 57(6): 401-20	PMC: PMC5952703
1903	Remarks on the red-light treatment of small-pox: is the treatment of small-pox patients in broad daylight warrantable?	Finsen NR	Br Med J 1903 1(2214): 1297-8	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2214.1297 PMC: PMC2513800
1903	Guaiacol in the treatment of small-pox	Ridge JJ	Br Med J 1903 1(2213): 1257-8	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.2213.1257-a PMC: PMC2513510
*1904	The red light treatment of smallpox	Ricketts TF, Byles JB	Lancet 1904 164(4222):287-90	DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)49694-2
*1904	The passing of the red light treatment of smallpox	Schamberg JF	J Am Med Assoc 1904 43: 1641-2,	DOI: 10.1001/jama.1904.02500220051017
1905	The treatment of small-pox by ichthyol	Love A	Glasgow Med J 1905 64(5): 343-50	PMC: PMC5959472
1906	Xylol in small-pox	Abbott SHL	Ind Med Gaz 1906 41(5): 197	PMC: PMC5181015
1906	An application of treatment by induction of hyperemia to smallpox	Porter L	Cal State J Med 1906 4(10): 280-1	PMC: PMC1653212
1908	A review of the serum treatment of infectious diseases in the practice of the City of Glasgow Fever and Ssmall-Pox Hospitals, Belvidere	Brownlee J	Glasgow Med J 1908 70(3): 188-98	PMC: PMC5957174
1908	On the treatment of smallpox by large doses of hydrarg. c. creta	Nesfield VIMS	Ind Med Gaz 1908 43(10): 379-80	PMC: PMC5183160
1909	Bicloride of mercury baths in the treatment of variola	Bibb RHL	Tex Med J (Austin) 1909 25(2): 43-7	PMC: PMC9642373
1910	Treatment of small-pox in red light and in the dark: some practical remarks	Wurtzen CH	Br Med J 1910 2(2588): 310-1	PMC: PMC2335598
1912	Treatment of small-pox by tincture of iodine	Newell AG	Ind Med Gaz 1912 47(9): 352	PMC: PMC5168064
1912	Treatment of small-pox by tincture of iodine	Pedley TF	Ind Med Gaz 1912 47(11): 435	PMC: PMC5168213
1923	Iodine in the treatment of malaria, kala-azar and small-pox	Brachio JJA	Ind Med Gaz 1923 58(7): 311-3	PMC: PMC5178600
1924	The treatment of small-pox	Chinal JEL	Ind Med Gaz 1924 59(2): 112	PMC: PMC5172653
1927	A preliminary note on the treatment of small-pox by intravenous administration of potassium permanganate	Theodore JH	Ind Med Gaz 1927 62(9): 508-10	PMC: PMC5197870
1929	A case of variola treated by vaccination	Chatterji CD	Ind Med Gaz 1929 64(10): 569	PMC: PMC5164628
1932	Principles of prophylaxis against typhoid fever, whooping-cough, scarlet fever and smallpox	Meyer KF	Cal West Med 1932 37(6): 361-7	PMC: PMC1658460
1940	Smallpox and sulphonamide	Patel TB, Naidu BPB	Ind Med Gaz 1940 75(12): 730-2	PMC: PMC5190444
1941	Treatment of a case of small-pox with sulphonamide-p	Chakrabarty NG	Ind Med Gaz 1941 76(4): 220-1	PMC: PMC5184911
1941	A case of confluent smallpox: treatment-chemotherapy	Ghosh RK	Ind Med Gaz 1941 76(9): 544	PMC: PMC5185271
1942	Liver extract and sulphonamides in smallpox	Chari NN	Ind Med Gaz 1942 77(2): 91-4	PMC: PMC5169042
1942	Treatment of smallpox with an antigen-antibody mixture	Panja G, Das NN	Ind Med Gaz 1942 77(1): 30-1	PMC: PMC5169189

1945-66

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1945	Confluent smallpox treated with penicillin	Foulis MA	Br Med J 1945 1(4408): 910-1	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4408.910 PMC: PMC2057720
1945	Three cases of haemorrhagic smallpox with recovery	Sen Gupta KC	Ind Med Gaz 1945 80(12):623	PMC: PMC5218089
1946	Sulpha drug in small-pox	Sonarnay SG	Antiseptic (India) 1946 43(7): 483
1946	Comparative effects of sulphathiazole and sulphanilamide on small-pox	Vengsarkar SG, Kamat VV	J Indian Med Assoc 1946 15(10): 325-8
*1948	Smallpox in Tripolitania, 1946: an epidemiological and clinical study of 500 cases, including trials of penicillin treatment: Kaposi varicelliform eruption]	Dixon CW	J Hyg (Lond) 1948 46(4): 351-77	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400036536 PMC: PMC2235158
1949	A suggested scheme for smallpox treatment	Johnstone DF, Fluker JL	Mon Bull Minist Health Public Health Lab Serv 1949 8(11): 188
1950	Case of confluent smallpox treated with penicillin and streptomycin	Murphy E	Nurs Mirror Midwives J 1950 91(2352): 81-2
1950	[Course and treatment of smallpox in Tjilendek in 1949] Dutch	Vellenga SR	Med Maandbl 1950 3(5): 190-4
1951	Antibiotics in smallpox	Breen GE	Lancet 1951 258(6686): 713-4	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(51)91480-8
1951	Epidemic smallpox in Jiddah; treatment with antibiotics	Corkill NL	Br Med J 1951 2(4732): 663-7	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4732.663 PMC: PMC2069975
1951	Treatment of smallpox	Krishnamurthy VN	Antiseptic (India) 1951 48(8): 656-9
1951	Antibiotics in smallpox	Marsden JP, Coughlan WJ	Lancet 1951 2(6686): 711-3	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(51)91479-1
1951	Chloramphenicol and A.C.T.H. in smallpox	Stolte JB, Sas GJ	Lancet 1951 2(6686): 715-7	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(51)91481-x
1952	Smallpox	Esposito MJ, Ziss RC	U S Armed Forces Med J 1952 3(5): 677-83
1952	[Results in smallpox therapy] Dutch	Stolte JB, Sas CJ	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1952 96(36): 2230-3
1953	[The epidemic of smallpox in Marseilles, January-April, 1952; clinical, etiological and therapeutic considerations] French	Periot, Orsini, Espinas, Louchet	Arch Fr Pediatr 1953 10(3): 315-8
1953	[Certain peculiarities of the course of smallpox during ultraviolet irradiation] Russian	Vinogradova ME	Vopr Pediatrii 1953 21(3): 38-41
1956	[Attempted immunotherapy of smallpox and immunoprevention of typhus fever practiced at Cocard Hospital in 1941] French	Couzi G	Maroc Med 1956 35(377): 966-8
1958	Achromycin in the treatment of small pox	Jaleel KA	Pak J Health 1958 7(4): 169
1960	New antiviral chemotherapeutic agent active against smallpox infection	Bauer DJ, Sadler PW	Lancet 1960 275(7134): 1110-1	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)90990-9
1960	A simple, safe and satisfactory treatment for herpes, chickenpox and probably smallpox	Chandy PJ	J Christ Med Assoc India 1960 35: 439-41
1960	[On the problem of the immunoprophylaxis of smallpox] Russian	Dzhavadov RB	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1960 31: 138-9
1961	Experience of homeopathy in epidemics of chickenpox and smallpox	Wadia SR	Indian J Homeopathy 1961 8:14-6
1961	Smallpox, prophylaxis and pitfalls	Wiczer DW	Clin Proc Child Hosp Dist Columbia 1961 17: 1-15
1962	The chemotherapy of variola major infection	Bauer DJ, Dumbell KR, Foxhulme P, Sadler PW	Bull WHO 1962 26(6): 727-32	PMC: PMC2555745
1962	Case of malignant smallpox treated with compound 33T57	Marsden JP	Br Med J 1962 2(5303): 524	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5303.524 PMC: PMC1925910
1962	Observations on prednisolone in treatment of confluent small pox	Sharma BK, Jain SC	Indian J Med Sci 1962 16:698-701
1962	Potential value of serotherapy in smallpox	Westwood JCN	Intl Symp on Smallpox Vaccination, Asso Intl Soc Microbio, Lyon, Dec 1962 Basel, S. Karger, 1962, pp 253-6	DOI: 10.1159/000389854
1963	Prophylactic treatment of small pox contacts with n-methylisatin beta-thiosemicarbazone (Compound 33t57, Marboran)	Bauer DJ, St Vincent L, Kempe CH, Downie AW	Lancet 1963 282(7306): 494-6	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(63)90230-7
1963	[Virumin in the prevention of smallpox and in the treatment of infectious mononucleosis] Polish	Jaroszynska-Weinberger B, Krajewska B, Krotochwil Skrzypkowa M	Pediatr Pol 1963 38: 911-4
1963	Smallpox prophylaxis	Vandellen TR	IMJ Ill Med J 1963 124: 343
1963	Smallpox chemoprophylaxis	Wilkinson RD	Can Med Assoc J 1963 89(22): 1153	PMC: PMC1921845
1963	Smallpox chemoprophylaxis	Young G, Fattal GA	Can Med Assoc J 1963 89(14): 726	PMC: PMC1922009
1964	— Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy Expert Committee on Smallpox. Geneva, Switzerland, 14-20 Jan 1964	Downie AW, Kempe CH	Smallpox/WP/3	WHO: 10665/67692
1964	Review. [Modern orientations in the prophylaxis of smallpox] Italian	Cairella M	Clin Ter 1964 28: 385-9
1964	Smallpox prophylaxis	Chaudhuri KC	Indian J Pediatr 1964 31:25-6
1964	New drug for smallpox tried out in Madras	Dally A	Indian J Public Health 1964 8:80-1
1964	Advances in the immunoprophylaxis of smallpox	Fenje P	Can J Public Health 1964 55: 346-52
1964	Some observations on the role of methisazone ('Marboran') in the prophylaxis of smallpox in a rural area	Ferguson DL	S Afr Med J 1964 38: 868-9 (Sect 1.5)	URL: http://archive.samj.org.za/index.php?path=%2F1964+VOL+XXXVIII+Jul-Dec%2FArticles%2F05+November
1964	Editorial. Chemoprophylaxis against smallpox	Morandi GA	S Afr Med J 1964 38: 855 (Sect 1.1)	URL: http://archive.samj.org.za/index.php?path=%2F1964+VOL+XXXVIII+Jul-Dec%2FArticles%2F05+November
1964	Antiviral chemotherapy in prevention of smallpox	Smith L	JAMA 1964 187: 145-6	DOI: 10.1001/jama.1964.03060150069023
1965	Chemoprophylaxis of smallpox and treatment of vaccinia gangrenosa with 1-methylisatin 3-thiosemicarbazone	Bauer DJ	Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda) 1965 5: 544-7	DOI: 10.1128/AAC.5.5.544
1965	[Comparative studies on the effectiveness of sodium hydroxide, chloramine and laurylpyridinium laurylpyridinium bromide on the variola virus] Polish	Borzynska B, Wojciak Z	Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 1965 16(4): 437-44
1965	Methisazone in prevention of variola minor among contacts	do Valle LA, de Melo PR, de Gomes LF, Proenca LM	Lancet 1965 286(7420): 976-8	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(65)92840-0
1965	Treatment of smallpox	Kamat	Com Med Pract (India) 1965 9: 574-6
1965	[The current status of smallpox prophylaxis] Russian	Marennikova SS, Solov'ev VD	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1965 42(9): 15-21
1965	[Prophylaxis of smallpox with thiosemicarbazone] Italian	Nuti M	Arch Ital Sci Med Trop Parassitol 1965 46: 51-2
1966	[Experimental basis for smallpox chemoprophylaxis]. Russian	Marennikova SS, Kaptsova TI, Kraft MIa, Borodina GM	Biull Eksp Biol Med 1966 61(6):68-71
1966	An isothiazole thiosemicarbazone in the treatment of variola major in man. A controlled clinical trial and laboratory investigations	Rao AR, McFadzean JA, Kamalakshi K	Lancet 1966 287(7446): 1068-72	DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(66)91012-9
1966	Assessment of an isothiazole thiosemicarbazone in the prophylaxis of contacts of variola major	Rao AR, McKendrick GD, Velayudhan L, Kamalakshi K	Lancet 1966 287(7446): 1072-4	DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(66)91013-0
1966	Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden 1963. III. Diagnosis, clinical classification and symptoms, differential diagnosis and therapy	Strom J, Gerzen P, Herzenberg H, Jansson U, Ursing J, Werneman H	Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966 S464: 57-65	DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05073.x

1967-80

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1967	On the prophylactic activity on N-methyl isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone against smallpox infection	Kaptsova TI, Marennikova SS	Acta Virol 1967 11(6): 554-6
1967	Treatment of smallpox and complications of smallpox vaccination	Quie PG, Matsen JM	GP 1967 36(4): 130-6
1967	[The treatment of smallpox patients in India] German	Weise HJ	Ther Ggw 1967 106(2):226-34
1968	[Chemoprophylactic approach to smallpox control] Spanish	Bauer DJ	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1968 64(2):137-47	PAHO: 10665.2/12758
1968	Anti-variola and anti-vaccinia principles from seeds of Banakadali (Ensete superbum, Cheesm, Musaceae)	Dutta NK, Dave KH, Desal SM, Mhasalkar MY	Indian J Med Res 1968 56(5):735-41
1968	Clinical assessment of an isothizole thiosemicarbazone against smallpox	Sharma R	J Indian Med Assoc 1968 51(12):610-2
1969	Prophylaxis of smallpox with methisazone	Bauer DJ, St Vincent L, Kempe CH, Young PA, Downie AW	Am J Epidemiol 1969 90(2):130-45	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121057
1969	[Methisazone (Marboran) in the prevention of smallpox and in the treatment of the complications of smallpox vaccination. Review] Italian	Bianchini C	Arch Ital Sci Med Trop Parassitol 1969 50(1): 29-38
1969	6-Azauridine in smallpox	Jaffari SM, Hussain A	Indian J Med Res 1969 57(5):809-14	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1969	Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in variola major. I. An assessment of CG 662 and Marboran in prophylaxis of contacts of variola major	Rao AR, Jacobs ES, Kamalakshi S, Bradbury, Swamy A	Indian J Med Res 1969 57(3):477-83
1969	Chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy in variola major. II. Therapeutic assessment of CG 662 and Marboran in treatment of variola major in man	Rao AR, Jacobs ES, Kamalakshi S, Bradbury, Swamy A	Indian J Med Res 1969 57(3):484-94
1969	Study of antiviral activity of tender leaves of Margosa tree (Melia azadericta) on vaccinia and variola virus: A preliminary report	Rao AR, Sukumar S, Paramasivam TV, Kamalakshi S, Parashuraman AR, Shantha M	Indian J Med Res 1969 57(3):495-502
1970	The inhibition of variola minor virus multiplication by rifampicin	Pennington TH	Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1970 31(3): 281-92	DOI: 10.1007/BF01253763
1971	Field trials of methisazone as a prophylactic agent against smallpox	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Russell PK, Hasse AT, Ahmad N, Mohammed N, Thomas DB, Mack TM, Khan MM, Knatterud GL, Anthony RL, McCrumb FR Jr	WHO/SE/71.29 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(5):435-449	WHO: 10665/67487 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121340
1972	[A new variola-inhibiting chemotherapeutic agent] German	Hochstein-Mintzel V, Stickl H, Rolly H	Arzneimittelforschung 1972 22(10): 1717
1972	Treatment of smallpox with cytosine arabinoside	Hossain MS, Foerster J, Hryniuk W, Israels LG, Chowdhury AS, Biswas MK	Lancet 1972 300(7789): 1230-2	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92276-3
1972	[Prevention and treatment of smallpox and post-vaccinal complications with metizazone and preparation MB 7714 (review of the literature)] Russian	Nikolaevskii GP	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1972 49(9): 39-41
1974	Failure of cytosine arabinoside in treating smallpox. A double-blind study	Dennis DT, Doberstyn EB, Awoke S, Royer GL Jr, Renis HE	Lancet 1974 304(7877): 377-9	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91759-0
1974	[Study of the antiviral activity of marborane and its analogs in experimental smallpox in rabbits] Ukrainian	Loziuk LV	Mikrobiol Zh 1974 36(2): 224-9
1975	Disinfectants and smallpox	Kelsey JC	Lancet 1975 305(7902): 337	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)91248-9
1975	Treatment of variola major with adenine arabinoside	Koplan JP, Monsur KA, Foster SO, Huq F, Rahaman MM, Huq S, Buchanan RA, Ward NA	J Infect Dis 1975 131(1): 34-9
1975	Treatment of variola major with cytosine arabinoside	Monsur KA, Hossain MS, Huq F, Rahaman MM, Haque MQ	J Infect Dis 1975 131(1): 40-3	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/131.1.40
1976	[Chemical agents for treatment of and emergency protection against smallpox] Russian	Ladnyi ID, Ogorodnikova ZI, Davydov SU	Vopr Virusol 1976 1: 4-12
1980	[Active immunoprophylaxis of smallpox (current prospects)]. Romanian	Ciufecu C	Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol 1980 25(2):73-9

Variola Virus Origins

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988


1986	The group selection of variola minor in the Americas: an anthroponootic analogue for the myxomatosis epizootic in Australia	Johnson R	Med Hypotheses 1986 19(4): 341-4	DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(86)90108-8
1990	Nucleotide sequence comparison of homologous genomic regions from variola, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses	Cowley R, Greenaway PJ	J Med Virol 1990 31(4): 267-71	DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890310405
1996	Comparative studies of gamma-interferon receptor-like proteins of variola major and variola minor viruses	Seregin SV, Babkina IN, Nesterov AE, Sinyakov AN, Shchelkunov SN	FEBS Lett 1996 382(1-2): 79-83	DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00069-5
2000	Alastrim smallpox variola minor virus genome DNA sequences	Shchelkunov SN, Totmenin AV, Loparev VN, Safronov PF, Gutorov VV, Chizhikov VE, Knight JC, Parsons JM, Massung RF, Esposito JJ	Virology 2000 266(2): 361-86	DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.0086
2004	Phylogenetic comparison of the genomes of different strains of variola virus	Babkina IN, Babkin IV, Le U, Ropp S, Kline R, Damon I, Esposito J, Sandakhchiev LS, Shchelkunov SN	Dokl Biochem Biophys 2004 398: 316-9	DOI: 10.1023/b:dobi.0000046648.51758.9f
2005	[Construction of DNA-fragments' libraries with complete genomes of different variola strains] Russian	Babkina IN, Safronov PF, Babkin IV, Uvarova EA, Totmenin AV, Golikova LN, Mikheev MV, Seregina EV, Gus'kov AA, Sokunova EB, Shchelkunov SN	Vopr Virusol 2005 50(2): 18-23
2006	Genome sequence diversity and clues to the evolution of variola (smallpox) virus	Esposito JJ, Sammons SA, Frace AM, Osborne JD, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Zhang M, Govil D, Damon IK, Kline R, Laker M, Li Y, Smith GL, Meyer H, Leduc JW, Wohlhueter RM	Science 2006 313(5788): 807-12	DOI: 10.1126/science.1125134
2009	Differentiation of variola major and variola minor variants by MGB-Eclipse probe melt curves and genotyping analysis	Loveless BM, Mucker EM, Hartmann C, Craw PD, Huggins J, Kulesh DA	Mol Cell Probes 2009 23(3-4): 166-70	DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2009.03.002
2009	How long ago did smallpox virus emerge?	Shchelkunov SN	Arch Virol 2009 154(12): 1865-71	DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0536-0
2010	[Differentiation of geographic biovariants of smallpox virus by PCR] Russian	Babkin IV, Babkina IN	Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 2010 (1): 29-32
2012	Variola virus in a 300-year-old Siberian mummy	Biagini P, Theves C, Balaresque P, Geraut A, Cannet C, Keyser C, Nikolaeva D, Gerard P, Duchesne S, Orlando L, Willerslev E, Alekseev AN, de Micco P, Ludes B, Crubezy E	N Engl J Med 2012 367(21): 2057-9	DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1208124
2013	Genome-wide comparison of cowpox viruses reveals a new clade related to Variola virus	Dabrowski PW, Radonic A, Kurth A, Nitsche A	PLoS One 2013 8(12): e79953	DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079953 PMC: PMC3848979
2014	Prediction of steps in the evolution of variola virus host range	Smithson C, Purdy A, Verster AJ, Upton C	PLoS One 2014 9(3): e91520	DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091520 PMC: PMC3953476
2015	The origin of the variola virus	Babkin IV, Babkina IN	Viruses 2015 7(3): 1100-12	DOI: 10.3390/v7031100 PMC: PMC4379562
2016	17(th) Century Variola Virus Reveals the Recent History of Smallpox	Duggan AT, Perdomo MF, Piombino-Mascali D, Marciniak S, Poinar D, Emery MV, Buchmann JP, Duchene S, Jankauskas R, Humphreys M, Golding GB, Southon J, Devault A, Rouillard JM, Sahl JW, Dutour O, Hedman K, Sajantila A, Smith GL, Holmes EC, Poinar HN	Curr Biol 2016 26(24): 3407-12	DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.061 PMC: PMC5196022
2017	Characterization of two historic smallpox specimens from a Czech museum	Pajer P, Dresler J, Kabickova H, Pisa L, Aganov P, Fucik K, Elleder D, Hron T, Kuzelka V, Veleminsky P, Klimentova J, Fucikova A, Pejchal J, Hrabakova R, Benes V, Rausch T, Dundr P, Pilin A, Cabala R, Hubalek M, Stribrny J, Antwerpen MH, Meyer H	Viruses 2017 9(8)	DOI: 10.3390/v9080200 PMC: PMC5580457
2017	Characterization of two historic smallpox specimens from a Czech museum	Porter AF, Duggan AT, Poinar HN, Holmes EC	Viruses 2017 9(10)	DOI: 10.3390/v9100276 PMC: PMC5691628
2017	Re-assembly and analysis of an ancient variola virus genome	Smithson C, Imbery J, Upton C	Viruses 2017 9(9)	DOI: 10.3390/v9090253 PMC: PMC5618019
2017	Viral evolution: mummy virus challenges presumed history of smallpox	Wertheim JO	Curr Biol 2017 27(3): R119-R20	DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.008
2018	Bayesian reconstruction of the evolutionary history and cross-species transition of variola virus and orthopoxviruses	Zehender G, Lai A, Veo C, Bergna A, Ciccozzi M, Galli M	J Med Virol 2018 90(6): 1134-41	DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25055
2020	Response to Brinkmann et al. "Re-assembly of 19th century smallpox vaccine genomes reveals the contemporaneous use of horsepox and horsepox-related viruses in the United States"	Duggan AT, Holmes EC, Poinar HN	Genome Biol 2020 21(1): 287	DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02203-z PMC: PMC7716422
2020	Variola virus genome sequenced from an eighteenth-century museum specimen supports the recent origin of smallpox	Ferrari G, Neukamm J, Baalsrud HT, Breidenstein AM, Ravinet M, Phillips C, Ruhli F, Bouwman A, Schuenemann VJ	Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020 375(1812): 20190572	DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0572 PMC: PMC7702794
2020	Diverse variola virus (smallpox) strains were widespread in northern Europe in the Viking Age	Muhlemann B, Vinner L, Margaryan A, Wilhelmson H, de la Fuente Castro C, Allentoft ME, de Barros Damgaard P, Hansen AJ, Holtsmark Nielsen S, Strand LM, Bill J, Buzhilova A, Pushkina T, Falys C, Khartanovich V, Moiseyev V, Jorkov MLS, Ostergaard Sorensen P, Magnusson Y, Gustin I, Schroeder H, Sutter G, Smith GL, Drosten C, Fouchier RAM, Smith DJ, Willerslev E, Jones TC, Sikora M	Science 2020 369(6502)	DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw8977
2021	Variola virus DNA in skeletal remains, 17th to 18th centuries, southeastern France	Meffray A, Ardagna Y, Sillano B, Parmentier S, Pouget B, Signoli M, Biagini P	Clin Microbiol Infect 2021 27(12): 1871-2	DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.015
2023	Analysis of variola virus molecular evolution suggests an old origin of the virus consistent with historical records	Forni D, Molteni C, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M	Microb Genom 2023 9(1)PMC9973844	DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000932