Africa — Eastern & Southern

Summary & Regional Information

For more information, see:
Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988)

Chapter 18 (Dem. Rep. Congo)
Chapter 19 (Eastern Africa)
Chapter 20 (Southern Africa)
Chapter 26 (Southern Africa & Uganda)
Chapter 27 (Horn of Africa)

Summary of Smallpox Status

Country	Last endemic case	Importations during SEP	Certification	Method	Document
Angola¹	1959	None	16 Feb 1979	International Commission	Afr/Smallpox/89
Botswana²	1964, 1973	1967, 1971; none post-1973	23 Mar 1979	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/90
Burundi	1970	None post-1970	30 Jun 1977	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/86
Congo, Dem Rep (Zaire)³	1971	None post-1971	30 Jun 1977	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/86
Eswatini (Swaziland)⁴	1966	None	23 Mar 1979	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/90
Kenya	1969	1971, 1973, 1976, 1977	19 Oct 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.149
Lesotho	1962	None	23 Mar 1979	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/90
Malawi	1971	None post-1971	29 Mar 1978	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/87
Mozambique¹	1969	None post-1969	29 Mar 1978	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/87
Rwanda	1970	None post-1970	30 Jun 1977	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/86
Tanzania	1970	None post-1970	29 Mar 1978	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/87
Uganda	1968	1969, 1970, 1971, 1972	27 Oct 1978	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/88
Zambia	1968	1970	29 Mar 1978	International Commission	AFR/Smallpox/87
Madagascar	pre-1918	None	Dec 1979	Detailed country report	WHO/SE/79.152
Namibia (South-West Africa)⁵	pre-1955	None	7 Dec 1978	Visit and detailed country report	WHO/SE/132 pp 3,21
South Africa⁵	1971	1972	Dec 1979	Visit and detailed country report	WHO/SE/79.152
Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia)⁶	1970	None post-1970	7 Dec 1978	Visit and detailed country report	WHO/SE/132 pp 3,21

Angola and Mozambique were not independent states until 1975 — they were Overseas Protectorates of Portugal. Both had been engaged in engaged in civil wars for independence since the early 1960s. Contact had to be made through the health authorities in Lisbon, where smallpox eradication was of little significance.
Botswana, which had last reported cases in 1964, experienced a major epidemic beginning in 1972 but interrupted transmission in 1973.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo was renamed Zaire in 1971, and changed back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997.
Swaziland was renamed Eswatini in 2018.
South Africa, a WHO Member State, had been deprived of its WHO voting rights and services in 1964. It stopped its annual contribution and its attendance at the World Health Assembly. Communication between South Africa and WHO all but ceased. Because South Africa administered Namibia (South-West Africa until 1968), communication with that jurisdiction was also affected.
Southern Rhodesia, administered by the United Kingdom, was an Associate Member of WHO represented by the UK until 1965, when its WHO rights were suspended on UK initiative. Official communication was conducted through London, but there was little official contact between the UK and Southern Rhodesia. Southern Rhodesia was renamed Zimbabwe when it became independent in 1980.

Regional Information

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1973	Smallpox and traditional medicine in the developing countries of Africa and Asia	Sery V	Z Tropenmed Parasitol 1973 24(1): 105-18
*1975	Smallpox inoculation in Africa	Herbert EW	J Afr Hist 1975 16(4): 539-59	DOI: 10.1017/S0021853700014547
*1980	The last 50 years of smallpox in Africa	Tulloch JL	WHO Chron 1980 34(11): 407-12
1980	[Eradication of variola in Africa (author's transl)] Czech	Zikmund V, Slonim D, Prikazsky V	Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1980 29(5): 309-18
1981	Traditional African medicine and eradication of smallpox	Singer P, Vann CR	N Engl J Med 1981 304(15): 914-5	DOI: 10.1056/nejm198104093041520

WHO: Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report #4, 19 Jul 1968 Eastern and Southern Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(29):362-3	WHO: 10665/216693
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report #9, 27 Sep 1968 Eastern and Southern Africa. Epidemic: Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(39):494-9	WHO: 10665/216813
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report #12, 8 Nov 1968 Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(45):574-9	WHO: 10665/216887
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #18, 21 Feb 1969 Outbreaks in non-endemic countries: Cameroon, Ghana, Sudan, South Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(8):150-8	WHO: 10665/217064
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #19, 7 Mar 1969 Eastern and Southern Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(10):173-9	WHO: 10665/217087
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #24, 16 May 1969 Eastern and Southern Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(20):333-7	WHO: 10665/217211
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #28, 25 Jul 1969 Eastern Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda 1966-69. Outbreak: Malawi	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(30):469-74 Corr: Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(31):485	WHO: 10665/217310
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #31, 26 Sep 1969 Democratic Republic of the Congo	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(39):557-61	WHO: 10665/217401
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #40, 17 Apr 1970 Importations: Germany, Saudi Arabia, Uganda, Zambia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(16):177-85	WHO: 10665/217702
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #44, 17 Jul 1970 Eastern Africa. Tanzania	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(29):305-9	WHO: 10665/217821
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #56, 16 Apr 1971 Kenya	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(16):158-60	WHO: 10665/218277
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #61, 13 Aug 1971 Democratic Republic of the Congo	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(33):348-52	WHO: 10665/218467
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #68, 11 Feb 1972 Southern Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(6):64-7	WHO: 10665/218728
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #69, 10 Mar 1972 Zaire	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(10):109-13	WHO: 10665/218773
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #75, 28 Jul 1972 Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(30):284-6	WHO: 10665/218995
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #81, 17 Nov 1972 Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(46):453-6	WHO: 10665/219155
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #83, 22 Dec 1972 Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(51/52):494-6	WHO: 10665/219199
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #89, 13 Apr 1973 Asian sub-continent, Botswana, Uganda. Importation: Japan. Outbreak: UK [Birmingham]	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(15):167-70	WHO: 10665/219341
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #93, 20 Jul 1973 Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(29):289-91	WHO: 10665/219466
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #97, 19 Oct 1973 Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(42):402-5	WHO: 10665/219587
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #98, 16 Nov 1973 Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(46):434-8	WHO: 10665/219623
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report #120, 19 Sep 1975 Suspect cases: Mozambique	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(38):325-9	WHO: 10665/220529
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #132, 4 Mar 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(9):85-8	WHO: 10665/221260
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #134, 10 Jun 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(23):193-5	WHO: 10665/221385
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #135, 22 Jul 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(29):240-2	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #137, 7 Oct 1977 Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 Sep 1977: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(40):371-21	WHO: 10665/221565
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #138, 9 Dec 1977 Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(49):389-91	WHO: 10665/221645
1978	Smallpox Surveillance Report #140, 7 Apr 1978 Eastern Africa. Last known smallpox foci	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 53(14):97-9	WHO: 10665/221829
1978	Smallpox Surveillance Report #142, 4 Aug 1978 Global certification of smallpox eradication. Progress towards certification: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia; Sudan, Uganda	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 53(31):229-32	WHO: 10665/222009

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1964	A note on smallpox in Angola, 1670-1875	Wheeler DL	Studia 1964 13/14:351-62
1978	Assessment of activities in preparation for the certification of smallpox eradication in Angola: Visit report, August 1978	Tigre CH	SME/78.24	WHO: 10665/68304
1978	Smallpox eradication in Angola: Status report, 9 November 1978	Smallpox unit, WHO	SME/78.18	WHO: 10665/68297
1979	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Angola		SE/ANG/79.1A,1B
1979	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Angola		AFR/Smallpox/89

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Africa. Botswana. 1st case reported since 1964; origin unknown	WHO	Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1967 Feb 24 42(8):108	WHO: 10665/215898
1968	Status of smallpox eradication activities: Botswana Inter-Country Smallpox Eradication Seminar. Kinshasa, Dem Rep Congo [Zaire], 19-26 Nov 1968		SE/68.13	WHO: 10665/67949
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #75, 28 Jul 1972 Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1972 47(30):284-6	WHO: 10665/218995
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #83, 22 Dec 1972 Sudan and Ethiopia. Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1972 47(51/52):494-6	WHO: 10665/219199
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #97, 19 Oct 1973 Ethiopia. Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1973 48(42):402-5	WHO: 10665/219587
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #98, 16 Nov 1973 Asian sub-continent. Botswana.	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1973 48(46):434-8	WHO: 10665/219623
1974	A persistent focus of smallpox in Botswana, 1973	Presthus GT, Sibiya JB	WHO/SE/74.69 Reissued as WHO/SE/76.85 Annex 1	WHO: 10665/67642 WHO: 10665/70473
*1974	Smallpox eradication in Botswana	Presthus GT	J Med Dent Assoc Botswana 1974 4:2024
1976	Freedom from smallpox. Case histories on four countries where cases were missed for extended periods	Henderson DA	WHO/SE/76.85 Corr.1	WHO: 10665/70473
1978	Smallpox eradication in Botswana: Status report, 8 Nov 1978		SME/78.16	WHO: 10665/68295
1979	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland		SE/BLS/79.1A, 1B
1979	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland		AFR/Smallpox/90

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1963	[Various epidemiological and clinical aspects of the smallpox epidemic at Leopoldville (September 1961 to May 1962)] French	Flahault D, Geerts J, Lasserre R, Vanderheyden A	Bull WHO 1963 29(1):117-25	PMC: PMC2554790
*1967	[Smallpox and ABO blood groups in the Congo] French	Lambotte C, Israel E	Ann Soc Belges Med Trop Parasitol Mycol 1967 47(6): 405-11
1968	[Smallpox and ABO blood groups in the Congo] French	Lambotte C	Bull WHO 1968 38(2): 321-2	PMC: PMC2554317
1968	Status of smallpox eradication activities: DR Congo Inter-Country Smallpox Eradication Seminar. Kinshasa, DR Congo [Zaire], 19-26 November 1968		SE/68.11	DAH: 10665/67945
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #31, 26 Sep 1969 Democratic Republic of the Congo	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(39):557-61	WHO: 10665/217401
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #61, 13 Aug 1971 Democratic Republic of the Congo	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(33):348-52	WHO: 10665/218467
1971	[The smallpox eradication campaign in the Republic of Zaire]. French	Lekie R	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1971 64(5):761-75
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #69, 10 Mar 1972 Zaire	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(10):109-13	WHO: 10665/218773
1977	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Zaire		SE/CAC/77.9
1977	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, Zaire (DR Congo)		AFR/Smallpox/86
2011	Smallpox and its eradication in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Lessons learned Smallpox Eradication after 30 Years: Lessons, Legacies and Innovations, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 24-27 Aug 2010	Muyembe-Tamfum J-J, Mulembakani P, Lekie RB, Szczeniowski M, Ježek Z, Doshi R, Hoff N, Rimoin AW	Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D13-D18	DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.049

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #54, 5 Mar 1971 Smallpox-like illness [monkeypox] reported: Dem Rep Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(10):86-91	WHO: 10665/218191
*1972	A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ladnyi ID, Ziegler P, Kima E	Bull WHO 1972 46(5):593-7	PMC: PMC2480792
1976	Monkeypox and whitepox viruses in West and Central Africa.	Arita I, Henderson DA	Bull WHO 1976 53(4): 347-353	PMC: PMC2366520
*1983	Human monkeypox transmitted by a chimpanzee in a tropical rain-forest area of Zaire	Mutombo M, Arita I, Jezek Z	Lancet 1983 Apr 2 1(8327): 735-7	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)92027-5 PMC: PMC9534202
1985	[Contagiousness of monkey pox for humans: results of an investigation of 2 outbreaks of the infection in Zaire] Russian	Marennikova SS, Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Mbudi PM, Vernette M	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1985 (8): 38-43
1987	Serological survey for human monkeypox infections in a selected population in Zaire	Jezek Z, Nakano JH, Arita I, Mutombo M, Szczeniowski M, Dunn C	J Trop Med Hyg 1987 90(1): 31-8
1987	Monkeypox virus in relation to the ecological features surrounding human settlements in Bumba zone, Zaire	Khodakevich L, Szczeniowski M, Nambu-ma-Disu, Jezek Z, Marennikova S, Nakano J, Meier F	Trop Geogr Med 1987 39(1): 56-63
1994	Comparisons of monkeypox viruses from animal and human infections in Zaire	Richardson M, Dumbell K	Trop Geogr Med 1994 46(5): 327-9

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Report of an International Commission		Bull WHO 1978 56(2): 271-93	PMC: PMC2395567
2014	Ebola then and now	Breman JG, Johnson KM	N Engl J Med 2014 371(18: 1663-6	DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1410540
2016	Discovery and description of Ebola Zaire virus in 1976 and relevance to the West African epidemic during 2013-2016	Breman JG, Heymann DL, Lloyd G, McCormick JB, Miatudila M, Murphy FA, Muyembe-Tamfun J-J, Piot P, Ruppol J-F, Sureau P, van der Groen G, Johnson KM	J Infect Dis 2016 214 Suppl 3:S93-S101	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw207 PMC: PMC5050466

Africa — Eastern & Southern

Summary & Regional Information

Summary of Smallpox Status

Regional Information

WHO: Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme

Angola

Botswana

Burundi

Congo, Democratic Republic (Zaire)

Smallpox

Mpox (Monkeypox)

Ebola

Kenya

Lesotho

Madagascar

Malawi

Mozambique

Namibia (South West Africa)

Africa: Rwanda

South Africa

Eswatini (Swaziland)

Tanzania, United Republic

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe (Southern Rhodesia)

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1979	Smallpox in Kenya, 1880-1920	Dawson MH	Soc Sci Med Med Anthropol 1979 13B(4):245-50	DOI: 10.1016/0160-7987(79)90022-x
1945	Variola minor in Kenya	Stott H	Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1945 38(6):445-60	DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(45)90054-x
*1960	Smallpox in Kenya	Seymour-Price M, Cachia C, Fendall NR	East Afr Med J 1960 37:670-5
1965	The incidence and epidemiology of disease in Kenya. II. Some important communicable diseases	Fendall NR, Grounds JG	J Trop Med Hyg 1965 68:113-20
2014	Smallpox inoculation (variolation) in East Africa with special reference to the practice among the Boran and Gabra of Northern Kenya	Imperato PJ, Imperato GH	J Community Health 2014 39(6):1053-62	DOI: 10.1007/s10900-014-9928-5
1968	Studies of smallpox vaccination by bifurcated needles in Kenya	Ladnyi ID	SE/68.7	WHO: 10665/67972
1968	Status of smallpox eradication activities: Kenya Inter-Country Smallpox Eradication Seminar. Kinshasa, Dem Rep Congo, 19-26 Nov 1968		SE/68.18	WHO: 10665/67959
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #28, 25 Jul 1969 Eastern Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda 1966-69	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(30):469-74 Corr: Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(31):485	WHO:10665/217310
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #56, 16 Apr 1971	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(16):158-60	WHO: 10665/218277
*1973	Persistence of tanapox in Tana River valley	Manson-Bahr PE, Downie AW	Br Med J 1973 2(5859): 151-3	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5859.151 PMC: PMC1589267
*1974	Isolation, cultivation and characterization of a poxvirus from some horses in Kenya German	Kaminjolo JS, Jr., Nyaga PN, Gicho JN	Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1974 21(8): 592-601	DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1974.tb00534.x
1977	WER. Smallpox. Kenya. Importation from Somalia; 2 confirmed cases, 3 suspected	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 Feb 11 52(6):62	WHO: 10665/221225
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #132, 4 Mar 1977 Kenya	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 52(9):85-8	WHO: 10665/221260
1977	WER. Smallpox eradication programme First Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya 14-16 Mar 1977 [Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan]	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 Apr 1 52(13):120	WHO: 10665/221296
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #134, 10 Jun 1977 Kenya	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 52(23):193-5	WHO: 10665/221385
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #135, 22 Jul 1977 Kenya	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 52(29):240-2	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #137, 7 Oct 1977 Second Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication. Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 Sep 1977. [Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan]	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 52(40):371-21	WHO: 10665/221565
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #138, 9 Dec 1977	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 52(49):389-91	WHO:10665/221645
1978	Recommendations of the Third Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication		SME/78.7	WHO: 10665/68310
1978	Smallpox Surveillance Report #142, 4 Aug 1978 Progress towards certification: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia; Sudan, Uganda	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 53(31):229-32	WHO:10665/222009
1979	Joint meeting of the International Commissions for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication from the Horn of Africa and the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. Nairobi, Kenya, Oct 1979
	— Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Kenya	Min of Health, Kenya, WHO	WHO/SE/79.141	WHO: 10665/68274
	— Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Kenya, 1-19 October 1979		WHO/SE/79.149 [Coissued as AFR/Smallpox/92]	WHO: 10665/68282
	— Joint Report of the International Commissions for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Countries of the Horn of Africa, Nairobi, 26 October 1979 [Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia]	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/79.150	WHO: 10665/68283

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1977	[Smallpox and vaccine In Madagascar and the Comoros] French	Coulanges P	Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar 1977 45:127-204
1978	Final report on the smallpox situation in Madagascar	Islam Z	WHO/SE/78.124 Coissued as GC WP/78.40	WHO: 10665/68257

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1961	Smallpox in Central Province, Nyasaland	Sword JM	Br Med J 1961 2(5245): 165-6	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5245.165 PMC: PMC1969141
1968	Status of smallpox eradication activities: Malawi Inter-Country Smallpox Eradication Seminar. Kinshasa, Dem Rep Congo [Zaire], 19-26 November 1968		SE/68.15	WHO: 10665/67953
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #28, 25 Jul 1969 Outbreak: Malawi	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(30):469-74 Corr: Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(31):485	WHO: 10665/217310
1978	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Malawi		SE/SEAC/78.1A, 1B
1978	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia		AFR/Smallpox/87

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Report on a visit to the Republic of South Africa and Namibia/South West Africa, 19 January - 19 February 1978	Fenner F	SME/78.14	WHO: 10665/68293
1978	Final report on the status of smallpox eradication in Namibia		GC/WP/78.6

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1970	Combined BCG and smallpox vaccination (A field trial in Rwanda)	Heyworth B	J Trop Pediatr 1970 16(1):17-9	DOI: 10.1093/tropej/16.1.17
1977	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Central Africa: Rwanda		SE/CAC/77.7
1977	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Rwanda, United Republic of Cameroon, Zaire		AFR/Smallpox/86

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1859	Smallpox at the Cape of Good Hope		Atlanta Med Surg J 1859 4(6): 387	PMC: PMC8852533
*1889	Notes on an epidemic of small-pox among Kafirs in the Transkei	Sturge HH	Br Med J 1889 1(1468):352-3	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.1468.352-a PMC: PMC2154699
*1896	The differential diagnosis of small-pox in reccent epidemics in the Cape Colony	Brown WC	S Afr Med J 1896 4(5): 103-10
1964	Some observations on the role of methisazone ('Marboran') in the prophylaxis of smallpox in a rural area	Ferguson DL	S Afr Med J 1964 38: 868-9 (Sect 1.5)	URL: archive.samj.org.za/index.php?path=%2F1964+VOL+XXXVIII+Jul-Dec%2FArticles%2F05+November
1965	An outbreak of smallpox in an urban area	Heydenreich JS	S Afr Med J 1965 39(21): 463-6	URL: archive.samj.org.za/index.php?path=%2F1965+VOL+XXXIX+Jan-Jun%2FArticles%2F06+June
1966	Smallpox	Achman S	SA Nurs J 1966 33(1): 4-7
1968	Some personal reflections on the clinical aspects of smallpox	Horwitz AB	S Afr Med J 1968 42(45): 1244-5	URL: archive.samj.org.za/index.php?path=%2F1968+VOL+XLII+Jul-Dec%2FArticles%2F05+November
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #18, 21 Feb 1969 Outbreaks in non-endemic countries: Cameroon, Ghana, Sudan, South Africa	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(8):150-8	WHO: 10665/217064
1978	Report on a visit to the Republic of South Africa and Namibia/South West Africa, 19 January - 19 February 1978	Fenner F	SME/78.14	WHO: 10665/68293
1979	Final report on the status of smallpox eradication in South Africa		CC/WP/78.5

Year	Title	Source	URL
1978	Smallpox eradication in Swaziland: Status report, 8 November 1978	SME/78.17	WHO: 10665/68296
1979	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland	SE/BLS/79.1A, 1B
1979	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland	AFR/Smallpox/90

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1920	Annual Reports of the Principal Medical Officer and the Senior Sanitary Officer. Period, November 1918 to November 1920	Tanganyika Territory	pp 67-68
*1957	Smallpox in Tanganyika 1918-1954	Conacher DG	East Afr Med J 1957 34(5):157-81
1960	A little-known complication of smallpox in Tanganvika	Keevill AJ	East Afr Med J 1960 37:692
*1963	Variola in Tanganyika	Bedson HS, Dumbell KR, Thomas WR	Lancet 1963 2(7317):1085-8	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(63)92857-5
1968	Status of smallpox eradication activities: Tanzania Inter-Country Smallpox Eradication Seminar. Kinshasa, Dem Rep Congo, 19-26 Nov 1968		SE/68/10	WHO: 10665/67943
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #28, 25 Jul 1969 Eastern Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda 1966-69	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(30):469-74 Corr: Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(31):485	WHO: 10665/217310
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #44, 17 Jul 1970 Eastern Africa. Tanzania	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(29):305-9	WHO: 10665/217821
1978	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Tanzania		SE/SEAC/78.3A, 3B
1978	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia		AFR/Smallpox/87

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1966	Smallpox vaccination in malnourished children	Brown RE, Katz M	Trop Geogr Med 1966 18(2): 129-32
1968	Status of smallpox eradication activities: Uganda Inter-Country Smallpox Eradication Seminar. Kinshasa, Dem Rep Congo, 19-26 Nov 1968		SE/68/12	WHO: 10665/67947
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #28, 25 Jul 1969 Eastern Africa: Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda 1966-69	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(30):469-74 Corr: Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(31):485	WHO: 10665/217310
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #40, 17 Apr 1970 Importation: Uganda	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(16):177-85	WHO: 10665/217702
1978	Smallpox Surveillance Report #142, 4 Aug 1978 Progress towards certification: Uganda	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 53(31):229-32	WHO: 10665/222009
1978	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Uganda		SE/UGA/78.1A, 1B
1978	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Uganda		AFR/Smallpox/88

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1964	Smallpox at Mpulungu	Roberts CJ	Cent Afr J Med 1964 10:123-4
1964	Further observation on the smallpox epidemic at Mpulungu	Roberts CJ	Cent Afr J Med 1964 10:421-2
1966	Smallpox rate reduced	Matoka P	Zambia Nurse 1966 2(2):19-21
1967	Age distribution of patients in endemic smallpox. II.	Roberts CJ	Cent Afr J Med 1967 13(3): 61-2
1968	Status of smallpox eradication activities: Zambia Inter-Country Smallpox Eradication Seminar. Kinshasa, Dem Rep Congo [Zaire], 19-26 November 1968		SE/68.14	WHO: 10665/67951
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #40, 17 Apr 1970 Importation: Zambia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(16):177-85	WHO: 10665/217702
1978	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication: Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia		AFR/Smallpox/87

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1972	Smallpox in Rhodesia and the use of the electron microscope in the diagnosis of this and other diseases	Swanepoel R, Cruickshank JG	Cent Afr J Med 1972 18(4):68-72

1978	Smallpox eradication programme. Report on a visit to Southern Rhodesia, 10-30 January 1978	Grasset N, Meiklejohn G	WHO/SE/78.108 Coissued as GC WP/78.8	WHO: 10665/68236
1978	Report on facial pockmark and vaccination scar surveys, Southern Rhodesia, February - April 1978 and Summary of results of specimen testing by WHO Reference Laboratory	Govt Health Services	WHO/SE/78.110 Coissued as GC WP/78.7	WHO: 10665/68238