Eastern Mediterranean Region

Summary and Regional Information

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For more information, see:
Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988)

• Chapter 14 (Afghanistan & Pakistan)
• Chapter 18 (Sudan)
• Chapter 21 (Ethiopia, Yemen & Democratic Yemen)
• Chapter 22 (Somalia & Djibouti)
• Chapter 23 (Non-endemic countries: Iran, Iraq, Syria)
• Chapter 26 (Certification in south-western Asia)
• Chapter 27 (Certification in the Horn of Africa)

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Summary of Smallpox Status

Country	Last endemic case	Importations during SEP	Certification	Method	Document

Asia

Afghanistan	1972	1973	30 Nov 1976	International Commission	WHO/SE/77.89
Iran1	1963, 1972	1970	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
Iraq1	1959, 1972	1971	17 Apr 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/78.127
Syrian Arab Republic1	1950	1972	22 Oct 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/78.126
Pakistan (West Pakistan)	1974	None post-1974	18 Dec 1976	International Commission	WHO/SE/77.90

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Horn of Africa

Djibouti (French Territory of Afars and Issas)2	1959	1971, 1972, 1973, 1974	26 Oct 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.147
Ethiopia3	1976	None post-1976	26 Oct 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.148
Somalia4	1962, 1977	1972, 1973, 1974, 1975	26 Oct 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.146
Sudan1	1962, 1972	1967	29 Nov 1978	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.134
Yemen Arab Rep.5	1969	None post-1969	10 Jun 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.139
Yemen, Dem. Rep.5	1960	None	11 Jun 1979	International Commission	WHO/SE/79.140

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Arab Gulf States⁶

Bahrain	1957	None	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
Kuwait	1957	1967	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
Oman	1962	1967, 1968	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
Qatar	1961	None	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
Saudi Arabia	1961	1970, 1972	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21
United Arab Emirates (Trucial Sheikhdoms)	Never endemic	1967, 1968, 1970, 1971	7 Dec 1978	Visit and report of WHO-designated expert/consultant	WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6-7,21

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1. Iran, Iraq, Sudan (which then included South Sudan), and the Syrian Arab Republic were not included in the ISEP in 1967, having halted transmission in 1963, 1959, 1962. and 1950, respectively. But an importation in 1967 reestablished smallpox in Sudan and importations in 1970-72 reestablished it in Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Transmission in all four countries was interrupted in 1972. Iran, Sudan, and the Syrian Arab Republic were certified smallpox-free by International Commissions, but political events prohbited a visit by an International Commission to Iraq.
2. Djibouti (the French Territory of the Afars and Issas until 1977) had no endemic smallpox, but experienced periodic importations from Ethiopia. These were controlled by containment vaccination; mass vaccination was conducted every 3 years.
3. Ethiopia did not agree to participate in WHO's smallpox eradication programme until 1971, 4 years after the global eradication program began. Ethiopia was a member of the Eastern Mediterranean Region until 1977, when it joined the African Region. Eritrea was not an independent state during the ISEP.
4. Somalia had reported its last endemic cases in 1962. However, importations from Ethiopia were frequent because of the shared border through the Ogaden Desert and its nomadic people. Reports of cases received in late September 1976, 7 weeks after the last outbreak in Ethiopia (potentially the last in the world), led to a declaration of a state of emergency by the government and a country-wide case search. Endemic smallpox was discovered throughout southern Somalia, and major epidemics followed. Somalia became the last country to be freed of smallpox.
5. Yemen divided into Yemen and Democratic Yemen in 1967 after several years of civil war. Eradication programs delayed by the war began in 1969 and 1970, respectively. In 1971, four vaccinators from Democratic Yemen were killed by a land mine. The two states were reunited in 1979.
6. The Arab countries of the Gulf area (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had interrupted transmission by the early 1960s, but were subject to importations from pilgrims and migrant labor. The United Arab Emirates were known as the Trucial Sheikhdoms or Trucial States until Dec 1971.

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WHO: Regional Information

Smallpox Survellance Reports: see either individual countries or the complete list

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1954	Campaign against smallpox. Annex: Smallpox outbreaks in EMRO since 1939	Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean, 4th Session, 1954	RC4/EM/7	WHO: 10665/121222
1959	Smallpox control	Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean, 9th Session, 1959	EM/RC9/5; EM/RC9/5.Add.1	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1961	Smallpox control and eradication	Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean. 11th Session, 1961	EM/RC11/5	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1966	Smallpox eradication: Difficulties encountered	Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean, 16th Session, 15 Jun 1966	EM/RC16/5	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1968	EMRO Projections: 1968, 1969, 1970 Meeting of Regional Advisers on Smallpox Eradication. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-10 Apr 1968		DAH personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1970	Status of the smallpox eradication programmes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication, New Delhi, 30 Nov-5 Dec 1970	Shafa E	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 24-30	WHO: 10665/67488

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Historical Smallpox: Non-Endemic Countries

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL

Egypt

*1966	[Paleopathological and epigraphic observations on the problem of smallpox in ancient Egypt] German	Regoly-Merei G	Sudhoffs Arch 1966 50(4): 411-7
1966	[Paleographic and paleopathologic data on the problem of smallpox in ancient Egypt and China] Hungarian	Regoly-Merei G	Orv Hetil 1966 107(15): 702-7
1984	Palaeontology of smallpox	Zuckerman AJ	Lancet 1984 324(8417-8418): 1454	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91637-4
1985	Smallpox entombed	Hopkins DR	Lancet 1985 325(8421): 175	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91953-1
2007	On the origin of smallpox: correlating variola phylogenics with historical smallpox records	Li Y, Carroll DS, Gardner SN, Walsh MC, Vitalis EA, Damon IK	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 104(40): 15787-92	DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609268104 PMC: PMC2000395

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Lebanon

1957	[Lebanese epidemic of smallpox: December 1956 & January 1957] French	Chehab C	Rev Med Moyen Orient 1957 14(4): 312-4
1957	Clinical summary on the Lebanese epidemic of smallpox of 1956	Farhat J	Rev Med Moyen Orient 1957 14(4): 328-34
1957	[The campaign against smallpox by governmental authorities since the recent Lebanese epidemic of smallpox: Beyrouth, December 1956-January 1957] French	Anouti J	Rev Med Moyen Orient 1957 14(4): 314-22
1957	[The Municipality of Beirut facing the smallpox epidemic] French	Khoury N	Rev Med Moyen Orient 1957 14(4): 322-8

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Libya

*1948	Smallpox in Tripolitania, 1946: an epidemiological and clinical study of 500 cases, including trials of penicillin treatment: Kaposi varicelliform eruption]	Dixon CW	J Hyg (Lond) 1948 46(4): 351-77	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400036536 PMC: PMC2235158

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Morocco

1956	[Attempted immunotherapy of smallpox and immunoprevention of typhus fever practiced at Cocard Hospital in 1941] French	Couzi G	Maroc Med 1956 35(377): 966-8

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Palestine

2007	Public health, culture, and colonial medicine: smallpox and variolation in Palestine during the British Mandate	Davidovitch N, Greenberg Z	Public Health Rep 2007 122(3): 398-406	DOI: 10.1177/003335490712200314 PMC: PMC1847484
1949	[Smallpox in Palestine during the years 1921-1946]		Harefuah 1949 36(10): 120
1952	[Small-pox and its prevention in Palestine in 1949 and 1950] French	Sansonnens R, Bishara A	Rev Med Suisse Romande 1952 72(Suppl): 94-107

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Tunisia

1962	[Summary review of antivariolar vaccinal immunity and its aspect in the young Tunisian child] French	Schneider R, Durand M	Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 1962 39: 7-22
1963	[New statistics on anti-smallpox vaccinal immunity in young Tunisian children] French	Schneider R, Benosman F, Durand M	Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 1963 40: 391-4

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Afghanistan

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988
    WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1956	[Smallpox control in Afghanistan]. German	Berke Z	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 1956 165(5-7):301-4
*1968	A study of immunity to smallpox in persons who have experienced a previous attack	Vichniakov VE	Bull WHO 1968 39(3):433-7	PMC: PMC2554405
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #19, 7 Mar 1969 Eastern and Southern Africa. Case distribution by age and vaccination status: Afghanistan, Indonesia, West Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(10):173-9	WHO: 10665/217087
1969	An outbreak of smallpox in a village in Afghanistan	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/69.9	WHO: 10665/67470
1970	Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Nov - 5 Dec 1970
	— Smallpox surveillance in Afghanistan	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 80-91 [Also issued as SE/WP/70.24]	WHO: 10665/67488 [WHO: 10665/68065]
	— Special problems relating to the smallpox eradication programme in Afghanistan	Akbary MT	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 92-7 [Also issued as SE/WP/70.22]	WHO: 10665/67488 [WHO: 10665/68063]
	— Assessment of the smallpox eradication programme in Afghanistan	Salehi MY	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 98-102 [Also issued as SE/WP/70.28]	WHO: 10665/67488 [WHO: 10665/68070]
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #51, 18-Dec 1970 Afghanistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(51):558-63	WHO: 10665/218076
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #55, 26 Mar 1971 Transmission of smallpox in well-vaccinated populations: Afghanistan, Indonesia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(13):122-5 Corr: Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(14):136-7	WHO: 10665/218234
1972	Training Seminar on Smallpox Eradication. Karachi, Pakistan, 14-18 November 1972
	— The smallpox eradication programme in Afghanistan	Darmanger AM, Rangaraj AG	SE/WP/PAK/72.3	WHO: 10665/68167
	— The problem of variolating relating to the smallpox eradication programme in Afghanistan	Rangaraj AG	SE/WP/PAK/72.2	WHO: 10665/68166
1973	Dead men tell no tales. (An account of a recent smallpox outbreak in Afghanistan)	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/73.59	WHO: 10665/67621
1976	Record of interview with a variolator. Jalalabad, Afghanistan, 25 Nov 1976	Henderson DA	DAH personal papers	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Report of the International Commission for the Assessment of Smallpox Eradication in Afghanistan	Intl Commission - Afghanistan, WHO	WHO/SE/77.89	WHO: 10665/68206

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Bahrain

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For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 26

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WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Bahrain and Corrigendum	Min of Health, Bahrain, WHO	WHO/SE/78.115 and WHO/SE/78.115 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.34]	WHO: 10665/68245 WHO: 10665/68246
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Djibouti (French Territory of the Afars and Issas)

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For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapters 22 & 26

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WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1970	[Contribution of the French Territory of Afars and Issas to smallpox control in East Africa] French	Courtois D	WHO/SE/70.15 and Bull World Health Organ 1970 42(4):635-8	WHO: 10665/67472 PMC: PMC2427473
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #98, 16 Nov 1973 Asian sub-continent. Botswana. Importations: Somalia, French Territory of the Afars and Issas, Nepal	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(46):434-8	WHO: 10665/219623
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #137, 7 Oct 1977 Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 Sep 1977: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(40):371-21	WHO: 10665/221565
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #138, 9 Dec 1977 Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(49):389-91	WHO: 10665/221645
1978	Recommendations Third Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya, 17-19 Apr 1978		SME/78.7	WHO: 10665/68310
1978	Smallpox eradication in the Republic of Djibouti: Status report, 23 November 1978	--	SME/78.27 [Coissued as GC WP/78.13]	WHO: 10665/68307
1978	Smallpox eradication programme in the Republic of Djibouti, 6 November 1977 - 20 December 1977. [Assessment of the present situation and implementation of surveillance activities]	Grasset NC	WHO/SE/78.100	WHO: 10665/68227
1979	Joint meeting of the International Commissions for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication from the Horn of Africa and the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya, Oct 1979
	— Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Republic of Djibouti. October 1979	Min of Health, Rep of Djibouti; WHO (Ryst JP)	WHO/SE/79.143	WHO: 10665/68276
	— Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Djibouti, 9-18 October 1979	--	WHO/SE/79.147	WHO: 10665/68280
	— Joint Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Countries of the Horn of Africa, Nairobi, 26 October 1979	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/79.150	WHO: 10665/68283

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Ethiopia

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For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapters 21s & 26

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988
    WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1965	The history and traditional treatment of smallpox in Ethiopia	Pankhurst R	Med Hist 1965 9(4):343-55	DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300030994 PMC: PMC1033531
*1949	[Dessicated vaccine and the campaign against smallpox in tropical countries] Spanish; Engl summary Spanish	Fasquelle R, Fasquelle J	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1949 28(11): 1118-25	URL: https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/13311
*1965	A localized outbreak of classical smallpox in Kembara Awraja	Teclemariam A	Ethiop Med J 1965 3:134-6
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #58, 4 Jun 1971 Ethiopia. Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(23):228-33	WHO: 10665/218358
1972	A report from Gemu-Gofa Province, Ethiopia	Tilahun G, Mondaw K, Kraushaar MD, Holmberg MS	WHO/SE/72.48	WHO: 10665/67515
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #70, 7 Apr 1972 Ethiopia — The first 12 months	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(14):141-46	WHO: 10665/218819
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #73, 30 Jun 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(26):249-51	WHO: 10665/218953
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #76, 18 Aug 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(33):313-5	WHO: 0665/219033
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #78, 15 Sep 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(37):345-7	WHO: 10665/219076
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #83, 22 Dec 1972 Sudan and Ethiopia. Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(51/52):494-6	WHO: 10665/219199
*1973	Active search operations for smallpox: An Ethiopian experience	de Quadros CA, Weithaler KL, Siemon J	WHO/SE/73.50 and Int J Epidemiol 1973 2(3):237-40	WHO: 10665/67519 DOI: 10.1093/ije/2.3.237
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #86, 23 Feb 1973 Sudan and Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(8):93-6	WHO: 10665/219274
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #88, 30 Mar 1973 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(13):143-5	WHO: 10665/219326
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #95, 31 Aug 1973 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(35):348-50	WHO: 10665/219520
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #97, 19 Oct 1973 Ethiopia. Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(42):402-5	WHO: 10665/219587
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #99, 14 Dec 1973 Ethiopia. India. Pakistan. Bangladesh	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(50):475-9	WHO: 10665/219652
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #101, 8 Feb 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(6):50-1	WHO: 10665/219725
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #102, 8 Mar 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(10):82-5	WHO: 10665/219757
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #103, 11 Apr 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(15):126-9	WHO: 10665/219809
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #105, 14 Jun 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(24):207-10	WHO: 10665/219910
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #106, 12 Jul 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(28):238-41	WHO: 10665/219942
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #111, 13 Dec 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(50):414-17	WHO: 10665/220150
1975	An account of operations in Gishe Woreda, Ethiopia	Barrashand W, Kaplan L	WHO/SE/75.72	WHO: 10665/68170
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report #115, 25 Apr 1975 Ethiopia. Bangladesh	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(17):162-6	WHO: 10665/220326
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report #118, 11 Jul 1975 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(28):254-6	WHO: 10665/220436
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report #120, 19 Sep 1975 Bangladesh, India, Ethiopia. Suspect cases: Mozambique	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(38):325-9	WHO: 10665/220529
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report #121, 24 Oct 1975 Bangladesh, Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(43):363-6	WHO: 10665/220579
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report #123, 19 Dec 1975 Ethiopia, Bangladesh	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1975 50(51):430-33	WHO: 10665/220648
1976	Ethiopia: development of the programme since 1974	WHO Press release	SME/INF.2	DAH: Personal papers
1976	[Smallpox in Ethiopia. I] Dutch	Schneider HJ, van Ramshorst B	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1976 24 Mar 120:1393-6
1976	[Smallpox in Ethiopia. II] Dutch	Schneider HJ, van Ramshorst B	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1976 7 Apr 120:1660
1976	[Smallpox in Ethiopia. III. Ethiopia free from smallpox before the end of October?] Dutch	van Ramshorst B	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1976 14 Apr 120:1764-5
1976	[Smallpox in Ethiopia. IV. Within sight of the harbor...] Dutch	van Ramshorst B	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1976 5 May 120:2124-5
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report #125, 20 Feb 1976 Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(8):61-3	WHO: 10665/220720
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report #126, 26 Mar 1976 Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(13):98-9	WHO: 10665/220776
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report #128, 18 Jun 1976 Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(25):202-4	WHO: 10665/220893
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report #129, 30 Jul 1976 Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(31):245-7	WHO: 10665/220962
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report #130, 19 Nov 1976 Ethiopia, Somalia. Smallpox and the smallpox programme in Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(47):360-2	WHO: 10665/221123
1977	WER. Smallpox Ethiopia. Last known case on 9 Aug 1976	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 Feb 11 52(6):63	WHO: 10665/221225
1977	[Smallpox in Ethiopia (final)]	van Ramshorst B	Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1977 121:513-5
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #132, 4 Mar 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 52(9):85-8	WHO: 10665/221260
1977	WER. Smallpox eradication programme. First Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, 14-16 Mar 1977	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 Apr 1 52(13):120	WHO: 10665/221296
1977	WER. Smallpox surveillance. Ethiopia. 2 outbreaks; probable origin Somalia	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 May 13 52(19):167	WHO: 10665/221355
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #134, 10 Jun 1977 Kenya	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(23):193-5	WHO: 10665/221385
1977	WER. Smallpox surveillance. Ethiopia. Outbreaks confirmed as chickenpox	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 Jun 24 52(25):211	WHO: 10665/221404
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #135, 22 Jul 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(29):240-2	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #137, 7 Oct 1977 Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 Sep 1977: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(40):371-21	WHO: 10665/221565
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #138, 9 Dec 1977 Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(49):389-91	WHO: 10665/221645
1978	Smallpox Surveillance Report #142, 4 Aug 1978 Global certification of smallpox eradication. Progress towards certification: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia; Sudan, Uganda	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 53(31):229-32	WHO: 10665/222009
1978	Recommendations Third Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya, 17-19 Apr 1978		SME/78.7	WHO: 10665/68310
1978	Report on a visit to Ethiopia by Members of the Global Commission for Smallpox Eradication, 31 May - 15 Jun 1978	Dumbell KR, Shrestha PN	SME/78.11	WHO: 10665/68291
1978	[Recent smallpox epidemics in Ethiopia and Somalia, human monkey pox virus infections and impossibilities of world eradication of the smallpox]. French	Merklen FP	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(1):11-9
1979	Report of the International Commission for Preliminary Assessment of Smallpox Eradication in Ethiopia, 3-18 Apr 1978		SME/79.6	WHO: 10665/68317
1979	Joint meeting of the International Commissions for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication from the Horn of Africa and the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya, Oct 1979
	— Smallpox Eradication in Ethiopia. Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication	Min of Health, Ethiopia, WHO, (Tekeste, Y., Hailu A, do Amaral C, Jr, Arbani PR, Khodakevich LN, Ward NA, Wickett J, ed)	WHO/SE/79.144	WHO: 10665/68277
	— Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Ethiopia, 1-17 Oct 1979	--	WHO/SE/79.148	WHO: 10665/68281
	— Joint Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Countries of the Horn of Africa, Nairobi, 26 Oct 1979	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/79.150	WHO: 10665/68283
1979	The eradication of smallpox	Khodakevich LN, Tekeste Y	Ethiop Med J 1979 17(2):49-53
1982	A successful eradication campaign	Fenner F	Rev Infect Dis 1982 4(5): 916-30	DOI: 10.1093/clinids/4.5.916
*1982	Ethiopia: Time budgeting for management	Ayalew S	World Health Forum 1982 3:129-31
1984	Smallpox eradication in Ethiopia. WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville.	Tekeste Y, Hailu A, do Amaral C, Arbani PR, Ismail O, Khodakevich LN, Ward NA (Wickett J, Meiklejohn G, editors)
2011	Experiences with smallpox eradication in Ethiopia	de Quadros CA	Vaccine 2011 29 Suppl 4:D30-5	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.001

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Iran

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For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapters 23 & 26

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988
    WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1984	Rhazes. The original portrayer of smallpox	Behbehani AM	JAMA 1984 252(22): 3156-9	DOI: 10.1001/jama.252.22.3156
1957	The 1954-1955 epidemic of smallpox in Tabriz	Frederiksen H, Motameni ST	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1957 6(5):853-7	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1957.6.853
1957	Smallpox control by mass vaccination with dried vaccine	Frederiksen H, Sheehy JP	Public Health Rep 1957 72(2):163-72	PMC: PMC2031191
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #54, 5 Mar 1971 Importations into non-endemic countries: Trucial Sheikhdoms, Iran. Smallpox-like illnesses in Africa [monkeypox in Dem Rep Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone]	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(10):86-91	WHO: 10665/218191
*1972	Smallpox-like viruses from camels in Iran	Baxby D	Lancet 1972 2(7786):1063-5	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92343-4
1978	Smallpox eradication in Iran	Imperial Min of Health and Welfare, Govt of Iran;; WHO	WHO/SE/78.120 [Coissued as GC WP/78.28]	WHO: 10665/67650
1978	The special programme to confirm smallpox eradication in Iran	Brilliant LB	WHO/SE/78.129 [Coissued as GC WP/78.27]	WHO: 10665/68261
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 7,21	WHO: 10665/68264

---

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Iraq

---

For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapters 23 & 26

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WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1922	Variola in Baghdad: notes regarding the 168 civilian cases of variola admitted to the civil isolation hospital, Baghdad, during the autumn epidemic of 1921	Sinderson HC	Edinb Med J 1922 29(1): 18-24	PMC: PMC5316576
1961	Preparation and execution of mass smallpox vaccination in Iraq with the assistance of the Soviet Union	Zakaryan AV	Probl Virol 1961 6:797-800
1961	[Organization and conduction of mass smallpox vaccination in Iraq with the aid of the Soviet Union] Russian	Zakarian AV	Vopr Virusol 1961 6:733-5
1962	[Measures for the eradication of smallpox in Iraq] Russian	Zakarian AV	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1962 33:120-3
1978	Report to the members of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Iraq	Min of Health, Iraq; WHO	WHO/SE/78.114 [Coissued as GC WP/78.26]	WHO: 10665/68244
1978	Visit report of the members of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Iraq, 5-15 October 1978	--	WHO/SE/78.127 [Coissued as GC WP/78.25]	WHO: 10665/68260

---

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Kuwait

---

For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 26

---

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988
    WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Kuwait. 1st cases reported since 1959; 5 cases, 2 deaths (40%)	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Apr 21 42(16):198	WHO: 10665/215991
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Kuwait. Origin nomadic. 12 cases, 6 deaths (50%)	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 May 5 42(18):219	WHO: 10665/216012
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Kuwait. 41 cases, 17 deaths (41%)	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 May 12 42(19):229	WHO: 10665/216023
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Kuwait. 42 cases, 18 deaths (44%); no new cases	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 May 19 42(20):242	WHO: 10665/216034
*1970	Role of hospital in smallpox outbreak in Kuwait	Arita I, Shafa E, Kader A	Am J Public Health 1970 60(10):1960-6	DOI: 10.2105/ajph.60.10.1960 PMC: PMC1348984
1976	An antigenically atypical strain of variola virus	Marennikova SS, Shelukhina EM, Matsevich GR, Habahpasheva NA	J Gen Virol 1976 33(3):513-5	DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-33-3-513
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Kuwait and Addendum	Min of Health, Kuwait; WHO	WHO/SE/78.119 WHO/SE/78.119 Add.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.38]	WHO: 10665/68252 [Add.1: 10665/68253]
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6,21	WHO: 10665/68264
1979	WER. Adverse reactions to smallpox vaccination. Kuwait: Case report	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1979 Oct 26 54(43):330	WHO: 10665/222771

---

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Oman

---

For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 26

---

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988
    WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Oman. 1st cases reported since 1962; origin India, sea passenger	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Mar 17 42(11):141	WHO: 10665/215934
1968	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Oman. Importation from India, illegal immigrant	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 Mar 15 43(11):155	WHO: 10665/216498
1968	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Asia. Oman. 2nd importation from India, illegal immigrant	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 Mar 29 43(13):174	WHO: 10665/216521
*1970	An outbreak of smallpox in the Trucial Oman States	Swinhoe PH	J R Army Med Corps 1970 116:24-33
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Oman	Min of Health, Oman; WHO	WHO/SE/78.117	WHO: 10665/68249
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6,21	WHO: 10665/68264

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Pakistan (West Pakistan)

---

For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 14

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988
    WHO documents are in italics

Historical Smallpox & its Control

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1912	Treatment of small-pox by tincture of iodine	Newell AG	Ind Med Gaz 1912 47(9): 352	PMC: PMC5168064
1927	Arthritis of both elbow joints following small-pox	Chawal GS	Ind Med Gaz 1927 62(5): 296	PMC: PMC5197504
1935	A preliminary note on the cultivation of vaccinia virus on the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryo	Shah KS	Ind Med Gaz 1935 70(4): 200-2	PMC: PMC5166688
1939	Purulent arthritis complicating smallpox	Wallace EH, Amin Ul H	Ind Med Gaz 1939 74(8): 479	PMC: PMC5151587
1959	[Trip of Soviet physicians to Pakistan and control of cholera and smallpox]. Russian	Pastukhov BN	Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1959 30(2):148-51
1964	The planning, organization and execution of smallpox vaccination campaign in Pakistan Expert Committee on Smallpox, WHO, Geneva, 14-20 Jan 1964	Haque NS	Smallpox/WP/13	WHO: 10665/67664

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WHO: Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme

Smallpox Surveillance Reports

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
	NOTE: All The DAH versions of Smallpox Surveillance Reports Nos. 83-113 (17 Nov 1972 - 21 Feb 1975) include supplemental tables of smallpox incidence in Pakistan by week and district that are not in the WHO version.
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report #11, 25 Oct 1968 Asia. Pakistan. Worldwide cases 1956-67	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(43):552-6	WHO: 10665/216865
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #19, 7 Mar 1969 Eastern and Southern Africa. Case distribution by age and vaccination status: Afghanistan, Indonesia, West Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(10):173-9	WHO: 10665/217087
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #60, 16 Jul 1971 Smallpox transmission in families	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(29):284-7	WHO: 10665/218422
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #63, 1 Oct 1971 Smallpox transmission between villages: West Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(40):412-4	WHO: 10665/218540
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #64, 29 Oct 1971 East and West Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(44):453-8	WHO: 10665/218577
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #99, 14 Dec 1973 Ethiopia. India. Pakistan. Bangladesh	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(50):475-9	WHO: 10665/219652 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #101, 8 Feb 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(6):50-1	WHO: 10665/219725 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #102, 8 Mar 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(10):82-5	WHO: 10665/219757 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #103, 11 Apr 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(15):126-9	WHO: 10665/219809 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #105, 14 Jun 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(24):207-10	WHO: 10665/219910 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #106, 12 Jul 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 197449(28):238-41	WHO: 10665/219942 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #107, 9 Aug 1974 Bangladesh, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(32):271-4	WHO: 10665/219975 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #108, 6 Sep 1974 Bangladesh, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(36):302-4	WHO: 10665/220009 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #109, 4 Oct 1974 Bangladesh, India, Pakistan. Smallpox and vaccinia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(40):334-7	WHO: 10665/220049 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #110, 1 Nov 1974 Bangladesh, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(44):365-9	WHO: 10665/220090 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1974	Smallpox Surveillance Report #111, 13 Dec 1974 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1974 49(50):414-17	WHO: 10665/220150 DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1975	Smallpox Surveillance Report #118, 11 Jul 1975 Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 50(28):254-6	WHO: 10665/220436

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Other WHO Reports

1969	Transmission of smallpox in endemic areas	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Ali A	WHO/SE/69.13	WHO: 10665/67468
1970	Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication, New Delhi, India, 30 Nov-5 Dec 1970
	— Surveillance activities of the smallpox eradication programme in West Pakistan	Khawaja MB	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 195-206 [Also issued as SE/WP/70.11]	WHO: 10665/67488 [WHO: 10665/68047]
1970	Scar survey in smallpox eradication programme of West Pakistan	Khawaja MB, Adibzadeh F	SE/WP/70.27	WHO: 10665/68069
*1970	Natural transmission of smallpox from man to performing monkeys. An ecological curiosity	Mack TM, Noble J Jr	Lancet 1970 295(7650): 752-4	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)90976-1
*1970	Variola major in West Pakistan	Mack TM, Thomas DB, Khan MM	J Infect Dis 1970 122(6):479-88	DOI: 10.1093/infdis/122.6.479
*1971	Survey of vaccination status and past smallpox experience of an urban population of West Pakistan	Ali A, Heiner GG	Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):327-40	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121327
*1971	A study of inapparent infection in smallpox.	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Daniel RW, Cole JL, Anthony RL, McCrumb FR, Jr	WHO/SE/71.26 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(3):252-68	WHO: 10665/67484 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121319
*1971	A study of intrafamilial transmission of smallpox	Heiner GG, Fatima N, McCrumb FR, Jr.	WHO/SE/71.33 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(4):316-26	WHO: 10665/67491 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121326
*1971	Field trials of methisazone as a prophylactic agent against smallpox	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Russell PK, Haase AT, Ahmad N, Mohammed N, Thomas DB, Mack TM, Khan MM, Knatterud GL, Anthony RL, McCrumb FR Jr.	WHO/SE/71.29 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(5):435-9	WHO: 10665/67487 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121340
1971	Results of virological examination of smallpox convalescents and contacts	Shelukhina EM, Marennikova SS, Maltseva NN, Matzevich GR, Hashmi AA	WHO/SE/71.31	WHO: 10665/67489
1971	A study of inapparent infection in smallpox	Heiner GG, Fatima N, Daniel RW, Cole JL, Anthony RL, McCrumb FR Jr	WHO/SE/71.26 and Am J Epidemiol 1971 94(3): 252-268	WHO: 10665/67484 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121319
1972	Training Seminar on Smallpox Eradication, Karachi, Pakistan, 14-18 Nov 1972
	— Inauguration of the seminar	Henderson DA	SE/72.9	WHO: 10665/68042
	— Smallpox eradication project Punjab 1972. Some aspects of smallpox eradication in Lahore	Suleimanov GD	SE/WP/PAK/72.1	WHO: 10665/68165
	— Smallpox eradication programme Punjab 1972. Three years of experience in Punjab Province	Suleimanov GD, Rafique M	SE/WP/PAK/72.4	WHO: 10665/68169
1972	A prospective study of serum antibody and protection against smallpox	Mack TM, Noble J Jr, Thomas DB	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1972 21(2): 214-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.214
*1972	Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. I. Acquired immunity and the distribution of disease	Mack TM, Thomas DB, Ali A, Muzaffar Khan M	Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(2):157-68	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121380
*1972	Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. II. Determinants of intravillage spread other than acquired immunity	Mack TM, Thomas DB, Muzaffar Khan M	Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(2):169-77	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121382
*1972	Epidemiology of smallpox in West Pakistan. III. Outbreak detection and interlocality transmission [Reprinted in 1995 with invited commentary by DA Henderson]	Thomas DB, Mack TM, Ali A, Muzaffar Khan M	Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(2):178-89 [Am J Epidemiol 1995 141(6):489-501]	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121383 [DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117463] [DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112194]
1972	Smallpox transmission on a bus	Suleimanov GD, Mandokhel KK	WHO/SE/72.41	WHO: 10665/67502
*1973	Results of a virological study of smallpox convalescents and contacts: Short communication	Shelukhina EM, Marennikova SS, Maltseva NN, Matsevich GR, Hasmi AA	J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1973 17(3): 266-71
1976	[Description of an epidemic outbreak of smallpox in Pakistan 1974]. Spanish	Gosset Osuna G	Rev Invest Salud Publica 1976 35(2):117-29.
1976	Variolation in Punjab Report for the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Pakistan	Ullah IC	PAK/PUN/WP/76.12
1977	Report of the International Commission for the Assessment of Smallpox Eradication in Pakistan		WHO/SE/77.90	WHO: 10665/68208

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Qatar

---

For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 26

---

WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Qatar and Corrigendum	Min of Health, Qatar, WHO	WHO/SE/78.116 and WHO/SE/78.116 Corr. 1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.35	WHO: 10665/68247 WHO: 10665/68248
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6,21	WHO: 10665/68264

---

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Saudi Arabia

---

For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 26

---

WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1951	Epidemic smallpox in Jiddah; treatment with antibiotics	Corkill NL	Br Med J 1951 2(4732):663-7	DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4732.663 PMC: PMC2069975
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #40, 17 Apr 1970 Importations: Germany, Saudi Arabia, Uganda, Zambia. Indonesia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(16):177-85	WHO: 10665/217702
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Saudi Arabia	Min of Health, Saudi Arabia, WHO	WHO/SE/78.122 [Coissued as GC WP/78.39]	WHO: 10665/68255
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6,21	WHO: 10665/68264

---

Eastern Mediterranean Region

Somalia

---

For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapters 22 & 27

---

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988
    WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #98, 16 Nov 1973 Asian sub-continent. Botswana. Importations: Somalia, French Territory of the Afars and Issas, Nepal	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(46):434-8	WHO: 10665/219623
1976	Smallpox Surveillance Report #130, 19 Nov 1976 Ethiopia, Somalia. Smallpox and the smallpox programme in Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1976 51(47):360-2	WHO: 10665/221123
1977	WER, 11 Feb 1977. Smallpox. Somalia: Last known case on Jan 17 1977.	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(6):62-3	WHO: 10665/221225
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #132, 4 Mar 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(9):85-8	WHO: 10665/221260
1977	WER, 1 Apr 1977. Smallpox eradication programme. 1) First Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication (Nairobi, Kenya, 14-16 Mar 1977); 2) Somalia: 2 cases reported	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(13):120-1	WHO: 10665/221296
1977	WER, 15 Apr 1977. Smallpox. Somalia: 13 additional cases detected.	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(15):139	WHO: 10665/221320
1977	WER, 13 May 1977. Smallpox surveillance. Somalia: 114 additional cases detected; total 100 outbreaks since 1 Jan 1977.	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(19):167	WHO: 10665/221355
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #134, 10 Jun 1977 Kenya	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(23):193-5	WHO: 10665/221385
1977	Smallpox: outbreak in Somalia slows rapid progress toward eradication	Boffey PM	Science 1977 196(4296): 1298-9	DOI: 10.1126/science.196.4296.1298
1977	WER, 24 Jun 1977. Smallpox surveillance. Somalia: Total 1567 cases detected since 1 Jan 1977.	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(25):211	WHO: 10665/221404
1977	Emergency logistical operation (for containment of the smallpox epidemic in Somalia)	Hauge R, Wickett J	WHO/SE/77.99	WHO: 10665/68226
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #135, 22 Jul 1977 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(29):240-2	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #136, 26 Aug 1977 Somalia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(34):277-9	WHO: 10665/221508
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #137, 7 Oct 1977 Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 Sep 1977: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(40):371-21	WHO: 10665/221565
1977	Diagnostic specimen form submitted for Ali Maow Maalin, the world's last case of natural smallpox, 31 Oct 1977		Dr Karl Markvart	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #138, 9 Dec 1977 Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Djibouti	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(49):389-91	WHO: 10665/221645
1978	Plan of action for the smallpox eradication programme in Somalia, 1978-1979	Deria A, Ježek Z, Foster SO	SME/78.3	WHO: 10665/68308
1978	Operational guidelines for smallpox operations in Somalia		SME/78.1 Rev 1	WHO: 10665/68289
1978	Recommendations Third Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication, Nairobi, Kenya, 17-19 Apr 1978		SME/78.7	WHO: 10665/68310
1978	Smallpox Surveillance Report #142, 4 Aug 1978 Global certification of smallpox eradication. Progress towards certification: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia; Sudan, Uganda	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 53(31):229-32	WHO: 10665/222009
1978	Outbreak containment in the Somalia smallpox eradication programme	Deria A, Ježek Z, Foster SO	WHO/SE/78.104	WHO: 10665/68232
1978	Smallpox transmission in an isolated nomadic group	Foster SO, Abdulgadir HES, Kamaluddin HA	WHO/SE/78.105	WHO: 10665/68233
*1978	Spread of smallpox among a Somali nomadic group	Foster SO, el Sid AG, Deria A	Lancet 1978 312(8094): 831-3	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92603-x
1978	A smallpox outbreak in Merka town, Somalia	--	WHO/SE/78.123	WHO: 10665/68256
1978	Smallpox eradication in Somalia: Status report, 1 Oct 1978		WHO/SE/78.128 [Coissued as GC WP/78.14]	WHO: 10665/68266
*1978	Residual skin changes in patients who have recovered from variola minor	Jezek Z, Hardjotanojo W	WHO/SE/78.131 and Bull WHO 1980 58(1):139-40	WHO: 10665/68263 PMC: PMC2395885
*1978	Spread of smallpox among a Somali nomadic group	Foster SO, Abdulgadir HES, Deria A	Lancet 1978 2(8094):831-3	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92603-x
1978	[Recent smallbox epidemics in Ethiopia and Somalia, human monkey pox virus infections and the impossibilities of world eradication of the smallpox]. French	Merklen FP	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(1):11-9
1978	[Last epidemic of smallpox in the world]. Polish	Olakowski T	Przegl Epidemiol 1978 32(4):447-54
1979	Joint meeting of the International Commissions for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication from the Horn of Africa and the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. Nairobi, Kenya, Oct 1979
	— Smallpox eradication in Somalia. Report to the International Commission on the Smallpox Eradication Programme in Somalia	Min of Health, Somalia (Deria A), WHO (Jezek Z, Al Aghbari MK, Hatfield R, Tulloch J, ed)	WHO/SE/79.145	WHO: 10665/68278
	— Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in Somalia, 1-21 Oct 1979		WHO/SE/79.146	WHO: 10665/68279
	— Joint Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Countries of the Horn of Africa, Nairobi, 26 Oct 1979	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/79.150	WHO: 10665/68283
1979	An evaluation of the effectiveness of smallpox surveillance and containment in Somalia	Ježek Z, Deria A	SME/79.2	WHO: 10665/68315
1979	A possible case of camelpox in man	Kříž B	SME/79.7	WHO: 10665/68318
1979	Nomadic population movement in south-western Somalia and its influence on the planning of smallpox surveillance	Kříž B, Hatfield R	SME/79.12	WHO: 10665/68314
1979	The hunters of Somalia	Col. Musa Rabile Goud, Min of Health	World Health 1979 Oct:14-5	WHO: 10665/368355
1980	Vehicle maintenance in the smallpox eradication programme in Somalia, 1977-1979	Hatfield R	WHO/SE/80.155	WHO: 10665/67098
1980	Residual facial skin changes in varicella patients	Ježek Z, Hardjotanojo W, Rangaraj AG	SME/80.1	WHO: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/68321
1980	An estimation of past smallpox incidence in South-western Somalia	Kříž B	SME/80.7	WHO: 10665/68330
*1980	The world's last endemic case of smallpox: Surveillance and containment measures	Deria A, Ježek Z, Markvart K, Carrasco P, Weisfeld J	Bull WHO 1980 58(2):279-83	PMC: PMC2395794
1981	Facial scarring after varicella: A comparison with variola major and variola minor	Jezek Z, Hardjotanojo W, Rangaraj AG	Am J Epidemiol 1981 114(6): 798-803	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113250
1981	[Liquidation of the last foci of variola in the world — Somalia (author's transl)] Czech	Ježek Z, Kříž B, Masar I, Zikmund V, Markvart K, Straka S	Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1981 30(2):113-24
*1982	A study of camelpox in Somalia	Kříž B	J Comp Pathol 1982 92(1):1-8	DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(82)90037-8
1983	Camelpox and its risk to the human population	Jezek Z, Kriz B, Rothbauer V	J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1983 27(1): 29-42
*1983	Smallpox eradication in Somali nomadic encampments: The search for a culturally acceptable method of case detection, case isolation, and outbreak control	Foster SO, Deria A	Med Anthropol 1983 7(2):19-25	DOI: 10.1080/01459740.1983.9987032
2011	Smallpox Eradication After 30 Years: Lessons, Legacies and Innovations. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 24-27 Aug 2010
	— The emergency campaign for smallpox eradication from Somalia (1977-1979)—revisited	Deria A	Vaccine 2011 29 Suppl 4:D36-40	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.039
	— Logistics in smallpox: the legacy	Wickett J, Carrasco P	Vaccine 2011 29(Suppl 4):D131-4	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.043

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Sudan

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For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 18

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* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988
    WHO documents are in italics

Historical Smallpox & its Control

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1898	Small-pox in the Soudan		Br Med J 1898 2(1970):1003-4	PMC: PMC2434320
*1974	Smallpox in the Sudan 1925-1964	Bayoumi A	East Afr Med J 1974 51(1):131-40
1976	The history and traditional treatment of smallpox in the Sudan	Bayoumi A	J East Afr Res Dev 1976 1:1-10
*1981	Smallpox in the Sudan	Hartwig GW	Int J Afr Hist Stud 1981 14(1):5-33

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WHO: Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1967	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Africa. Sudan. No further cases after 1 confirmed case	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1967 Aug 25 42(34):394	WHO: 10665/216173
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report #9, 27 Sep 1968 Eastern and Southern Africa. Epidemic: Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(39):494-9	WHO: 10665/216813
1968	Status of smallpox eradication activities: Sudan Inter-Country Smallpox Eradication Seminar. Kinshasa, Dem Rep Congo, 19-26 Nov 1968		SE/68.20	WHO: 10665/67964
1969	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Africa, Jan 31 1969 Sudan. Outbreak, origin not reported; 7 cases	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(5):97	WHO: 10665/217025
1969	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: Africa, Feb 7 1969 Sudan. Outbreak; 3 additional cases	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(6):109	WHO: 10665/217035
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #18, 21 Feb 1969 Outbreaks in non-endemic countries: Cameroon, Ghana, Sudan, South Africa.	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(8):150-8	WHO: 10665/217064
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #29, 15 Aug 1969 Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(33):497-502	WHO: 10665/217337
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #46, 28 Aug 1970 Epidemic: Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(35):368-72	WHO: 10665/217877
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #58, 4 Jun 1971 Ethiopia. Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(23):228-33	WHO: 10665/218358
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #73, 30 Jun 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(26):249-51	WHO: 10665/218953
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #76, 18 Aug 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(33):313-5	WHO: 0665/219033
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #78, 15 Sep 1972 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(37):345-7	WHO: 10665/219076
*1972	Mecca pilgrimage: the socio-medical problems it presents in Sudan	Bayoumi A	Sudan Med J 1972 10:108-16
1972	Smallpox Surveillance Report #83, 22 Dec 1972 Sudan and Ethiopia. Botswana	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1972 47(51/52):494-6	WHO: 10665/219199
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #86, 23 Feb 1973 Sudan and Ethiopia	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(8):93-6	WHO: 10665/219274
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #88, 30 Mar 1973 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(13):143-5	WHO: 10665/219326
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #91, 1 Jun 1973 Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(22):231-4	WHO: 10665/219406
1973	Smallpox Surveillance Report #95, 31 Aug 1973 Ethiopia and Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1973 48(35):348-50	WHO: 10665/219520
1973	Active search operations: Equatoria Province, Sudan	Lepkowski J, Suleiman OHM, Osman AHS	WHO/SE/73.60	WHO: 10665/67623
1974	The mystery of the smallpox cases in the Lafit Mountains, Equatoria Provinces, Sudan	Bassett DC, Kibaida G, Osman AHS	WHO/SE/74.67	WHO: 10665/67638
1977	WER. Plan of operations. First Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication. Nairobi, Kenya, 14-16 Mar 1977. [Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan] 1 Apr 1977	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(13):120-1	WHO: 10665/221296
1977	Smallpox Surveillance Report #137, 7 Oct 1977 Meeting, Nairobi, Kenya, 26-28 Sep 1977: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1977 52(40):371-21	WHO: 10665/221565
1978	Smallpox Surveillance Report #142, 4 Aug 1978 Global certification of smallpox eradication. Progress towards certification: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia; Sudan, Uganda	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1978 53(31):229-32	WHO: 10665/222009
1978	The eradication of smallpox in Sudan		SME/78.13	WHO: 10665/68292
1979	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Sudan, 15-29 November 1978	--	WHO/SE/79.134 [Coissued as GC WP/78.3]	WHO: 10665/68267

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Syrian Arab Republic

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For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapters 23 & 26

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WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Report to the members of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Syrian Arab Republic	Min of Health, Syrian Arab Republic; WHO	WHO/SE/78.111 [Coissued as GC WP/78.24]	WHO: 10665/68239
1978	Visit report of the members of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Syrian Arab Republic, 15-22 October 1978	--	WHO/SE/78.126 [Coissued as GC WP/78.23]	WHO: 10665/68259
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 7,21	WHO: 10665/68264

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

United Arab Emirates (Trucial Sheikhdoms)

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For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 26

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WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #54, 5 Mar 1971 Importations into non-endemic countries: Trucial Sheikhdoms, Iran.	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(10):86-91	WHO: 10665/218191
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, United Arab Emirates and Corrigendum	Min of Health, UAE; WHO	WHO/SE/78.118 and WHO/SE/78.118 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.37]	WHO: 10665/68250 WHO: 10665/68251
1978	Report to the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication on the smallpox-free status of the Arab countries of the Gulf Area and Corrigendum	Rangaraj AG	WHO/SE/78.121 and WHO/SE/78.121 Corr.1 [Coissued as GC WP/78.33]	WHO: 10665/68254
1978	Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, 1st meeting, 4-7 December 1978		WHO/SE/78.132 pp 6,21	WHO: 10665/68264

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Yemen Arab Republic

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For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 21 & 23

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WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Recommendations of the Third Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication. Nairobi, 17-19 April 1978		SME/78.7	WHO: 10665/68310
1978	Smallpox eradication in the Yemen Arab Republic: Status report, November 1978		SME/78.23	WHO: 10665/68303
1979	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Yemen Arab Republic, June 1979	Min of Health, Yemen Arab Republic; WHO (Steinglass RC)	WHO/SE/79.138	WHO: 10665/68271
1979	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the Yemen Arab Republic, 2-10 June 1979		WHO/SE/79.139	WHO: 10665/68272

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Eastern Mediterranean Region

Democratic Republic of Yemen

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For more information, see: Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 21 & 23

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WHO documents are in italics

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1978	Recommendations of the Third Coordination Meeting for Smallpox Eradication. Nairobi, 17-19 April 1978		SME/78.7	WHO: 10665/68310
1978	The Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Status report on the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen		WHO/SE/78.125 [Coissued as GC WP/78.19]	WHO: 10665/68258
1979	Report to the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, April 1979	Min of Public Health, People's Dem Rep of Yemen; WHO	WHO/SE/79.136	WHO: 10665/68269
1979	Report of the International Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication in the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, 3-11 June 1979		WHO/SE/79.140	WHO: 10665/68273

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