South America

Summary & Regional Information

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has served as WHO's Regional Office for the Americas since 1949. Unlike other WHO Regional Offices, PAHO is a fully autonomous organization, acting under the directorship of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB), that acts for WHO.

In 1950, Dr Fred L. Soper, as Director of the PASB, strongly supported the concept of eradication, and began a program for the eradication of smallpox eradication from the Americas. By 1959, smallpox transmission had been interrupted in all but 5 countries. Four of these (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador) interrupted transmission by 1966.

Thus Brazil was the only South American country with endemic smallpox at the beginning of WHO's ISEP. However, it shared a border with all but 2 countries in the region and had large remote areas in the Amazon basin that had few, if any, health services.

For more information, see:
Smallpox and Its Eradication (Fenner et al, WHO, 1988), Chapter 12

Summary of Smallpox Status

Country	Last endemic case	Importations during SEP	Country	Last endemic case	Importations during SEP
Argentina	1966	1967, 1970	Guatemala	1951	None
Bolivia	1960	None	Guyana	1951	None
Brazil	1971	None post-1971	Paraguay	1960	None
Chile	1954	None	Peru	1966	None
Colombia	1965	None	Suriname	1920	None
Ecuador	1963	None	Uruguay	1957	1968, 1969
French Guiana	1904	1968	Venezuela	1956	None

South America was certified as smallpox-free by an International Commission on 25 Aug 1973 (CD22/19, Annex III).

Regional Information

* Cited in Smallpox and its Eradication, Fenner et al, WHO 1988
PAHO & WHO documents are in italics

Historical Smallpox & Its Control

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1974	The "Real Expedicion Maritima de la Vacuna" in New Spain and Guatemala	Smith MM	Trans Am Philos Soc 1974 64(1):1-74	DOI: 10.2307/1006158
1974	[Smallpox immunization expedition around the world, 170 years ago (Francisco Xavier de Balmis)] Hungarian		Orv Hetil 1974 115(4): 213-6
*1976	Conquistador y pestilencia: the first new world pandemic and the fall of the great Indian empires	Crosby AW	Hisp Am Hist Rev 1976 47: 321-37
1979	[Smallpox in New Spain] Spanish	de Micheli A	Prensa Med Mex 1979 44(9-10): 201-7
1993	Disease eradication and control in the Americas	de Quadros CA, Henderson DA	Biologicals 1993 21(4): 335-43	DOI: 10.1006/biol.1993.1093
2004	Smallpox vaccination in the early 19th century using live carriers: the travels of Francisco Xavier de Balmis	Aldrete JA	South Med J 2004 97(4): 375-8	DOI: 10.1097/01.SMJ.0000072358.48095.65
2004	[The real philanthropic expedition of the smallpox vaccine: monarchy and modernity in 1803] Spanish	Rigau-Perez JG	P R Health Sci J 2004 23(3): 223-31
2004	[Balmis and the philanthropic expedition of the vaccine. Bicentennial of the Royal Philanthropic Expedition of Francisco Xavier Balmis to carry smallpox vaccine to America and Philippines] Spanish	Sanchez Granjel L	An R Acad Nac Med (Madr) 2004 121(2): 331-8; discussion 8-44
2005	The Spanish royal philanthropic expedition to bring smallpox vaccination to the New World and Asia in the 19th century	Franco-Paredes C, Lammoglia L, Santos-Preciado JI	Clin Infect Dis 2005 41(9): 1285-9	DOI: 10.1086/496930
2006	[Letter] Spanish royal philanthropic expedition and smallpox vaccination	Christenson B	Clin Infect Dis 2006 42(5): 731; author reply -2	DOI: 10.1086/500267
2015	[The journey of the vaccine against smallpox: one expedition, two oceans, three continents, and thousands of children] Spanish	Tuells J, Duro-Torrijos JL	Gac Med Mex 2015 151(3): 416-25

Regional Smallpox Eradication


1949	Proposal of the Director of the Pan American Sanitary Bbureau regarding a program for cooperation of the Bureau in the eradication of smallpox in the Americas	Executive Committee, Pan American Sanitary Organization	OSP.CE7.W-15	PAHO: 10665.2/23984
*1951	International health. 3. Some aspects of the WHO's programs in the Americas	Soper FL	Am J Public Health 1951 41(12): 1464-8	DOI: 10.2105/ajph.41.12.1464 PMC: PMC1525896
1955	Smallpox eradication in the Americas		Bull Oficina Sanit Panam 1955 38(2):170-1	PAHO: 10665.2/14368
1958	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	Pan American Sanitary Conf/WHO Regional Committee meeting. San Juan PR, Sep-Oct 1958	CSP15/17	PAHO: 10665.2/29157 PAHO: 10665.2/47076
1958	Smallpox vaccination in Latin America		WHO Chron 1958 12:3-7
1959	Status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Sep 1959	CD11/14	PAHO: 10665.2/25986
1959	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas (document presented by the Delegation of Mexico)	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Sep 1959	CD11/27	PAHO: 10665.2/26000
1960	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Havana, Cuba, Aug 1960	CD12/8	PAHO: 10665.2/5304
1961	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Oct 1961	CD13/18	PAHO: 10665.2/5393
1962	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	Pan American Sanitary Conf/WHO Regional Committee Meeting. Minneapolis MN, Aug-Sep 1962	CSP16/11	PAHO: 10665.2/46996 PAHO: 10665.2/29314
1964	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Mexico DF, Aug-Sep 1964	CD15/22	PAHO: 10665.2/5489
1965	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Sep-Oct 1965	CD16/29	PAHO: 10665.2/26162
1966	Estimated requirements for smallpox eradication in the Americas; estimate of the kind and amount of international assistance required for the smallpox eradication program in the Americas	Exec Comm of the PAHO Directing Council/Working Party of the WHO Regional Comm. Washington DC, Apr 1966	CE54/3	PAHO: 10665.2/23313
1966	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	Pan American Sanitary Conf/WHO Regional Committee meeting. Washington DC, Sep-Oct 1966	CSP17/20 Rev.1	PAHO: 10665.2/29490 PAHO: 10665.2/46895

WHO: Intensified Smallpox Eradication


1967	Status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Oct 1967	CD17/11	PAHO: 10665.2/5754
1967	Resolution: Recommitment to smallpox eradication	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Oct 1967	CD17.R22	WHO: 10665/165716
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report #5, 2 Aug 1968 South America	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(31):388-9	WHO: 10665/216724
1968	Notes on smallpox vaccine production methods in South American laboratories WHO Travelling Seminar on Vaccine Production, 19-30 Mar 1968	Fenje P	WP/31
1967	[Laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in the Americas] Spanish	Noble J, Sales Gomes JF, Rodrigues BA, Bica AN	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1967 2(166-167):531-6	PAHO: 10665.2/14521
1970	Smallpox eradication	Pan American Sanitary Conf/WHO Regional Committee Meeting. Washington DC, Sep-Oct 1970	CSP18/9
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #65, 26 Nov 1971 South America	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(48):486-90	WHO: 10665/218615
1971	Smallpox eradication	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Sep-Oct 1971	CD20/6	PAHO: 10665.2/5875
1971	Resolution: Compulsory vaccination	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Sep-Oct 1971	CD20.R23	WHO: 10665/167467
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301
1973	Report on the status of smallpox eradication in the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Oct 1973	CD22/19	PAHO: 10665.2/26301
1973	Resolution: Smallpox eradicated from the Americas	PAHO Directing Council/WHO Regional Committee. Washington DC, Oct 1973	CD22.R17	WHO: 10665/165244
1974	[The cost of vaccination programs] Spanish	Rodrigues BA, Huerta R	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1974 76(2):125-34	PAHO: 10665.2/10796
*1975	[Smallpox eradication in the Americas] Spanish Also published in English	Rodrigues BA	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1975 78(4):358-83 Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1975 9(1): 53-68	PAHO: 10665.2/17606 PAHO: 10665.2/27699
1980	Smallpox eradication		PAHO Epidemiol Bull 1980 1(4):4-5	PAHO: 10665.2/38396
1993	Disease eradication and control in the Americas	de Quadros CA, Henderson DA	Biologicals 1993 21(4):335-43	DOI: 10.1006/biol.1993.1093
2010	30th anniversary of smallpox eradication and establishment of the PAHO Revolving Fund for Vaccine Procurement	PAHO Executive Committee, Washington DC, Jun 2010	CE146/INF-5	PAHO: 10665.2/5245

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
2011	[Marked on the skin: vaccination and smallpox in Argentina (1870-1910)]	Di Liscia MS	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):409-22	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200005
1945	[Smallpox epidemic in Jujuy]. Spanish	Manso Soto A	Bol Biol 1945 Jun:211-9
1951	[Biologic characteristics of the last outbreak of smallpox in the federal capital] Spanish	Ink J, Diaz Trigo A, Markmann R	Sem Med 1951 99(16): 621-3
1951	[Clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of the last outbreak of smallpox in the federal capital and environs in 1948] Spanish	Steinberg IR, Diaz Trigo A, Markmann R, Ink J	Sem Med 1951 99(16): 617-9
1951	[Present state of the problem of variola-alastrim] Spanish	Steinberg IR, Ink J, Markmann R, Diaz Trigo A	Sem Med 1951 99(16): 619-21
1957	[Smallpox vaccination; results of immuno-allergic state of the population of the Federal Capital, obtained with specimens] Spanish	Bentolila M, Estevez DJ	Dia Med 1957 29(63): 2242-3 passim
1962	[The epidemiology of smallpox in Argentina] French Intl Symp on Smallpox Vaccination, Lyon, Dec 1962	Parodi A	Assoc Intl des Sociétés de Microbiogia. Basel, Karger, 1962, pp 51-4	DOI: 10.1159/000389821
2005	Characterization of a vaccinia virus strain used to produce smallpox vaccine in Argentina between 1937 and 1970	Lewis A, Bok K, Perez O, DeFillippo J, Paolazzi C, Gomez JA	Arch Virol 2005 150(7):1485-91	DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0498-9
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #47, 18 Sep 1970 Outbreak: Argentina. Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(38):397-403	WHO: 10665/217914
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #49, 30 Oct 1970 Outbreak update: Argentina	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(44):485-9	WHO: 10665/217944
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Argentina		SE/WP/71.25
1972	Report on a survey to determine the status of smallpox and levels of smallpox immunity	Hiriart JJ, da Silveira CM	WHO/SE/72.37	WHO: 10665/67498
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
2010	Smallpox eradication and Brazil: an interview with Donald A. Henderson	Hochman G, Palmer S	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2010 17(3):759-75	DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702010000300011
2010	Smallpox eradication, laboratory visits, and a touch of tourism: travel notes of a Canadian scientist in Brazil	Palmer S, Hochman G, Arbex D	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2010 17(3):777-90	DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702010000300012
*1922	[Occurrence of variola among monkeys of the genera Mycetes and Cebus when a smallpox epidemic penetrates the jungle areas and the tributaries of the upper Uruguay in southern Brazil] German	Bleyer JC	Munch Med Wochenschr 1922 69: 1009-10,
2007	Brazilian vaccinia viruses and their origins	Trindade GS, Emerson GL, Carroll DS, Kroon EG, Damon IK	Emerg Infect Dis 2007 13(7):965-972	DOI: 10.3201/eid1307.061404 PMC: PMC2878226
2015	Genomic analysis, phenotype, and virulence of the historical Brazilian smallpox vaccine strain IOC: implications for the origins and evolutionary relationships of vaccinia virus	Medaglia ML, Moussatche N, Nitsche A, Dabrowski PW, Li Y, Damon IK, Lucas CG, Arruda LB, Damaso CR	J Virol 2015 89(23):11909-25	DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01833-15 PMC: PMC4645304


2003	[Smallpox immunization in 19th century Brazil: inoculation, variolization, vaccine, and revaccination] Portuguese	Fernandes TM	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2003 10(Suppl 2):461-74	URL: scielo.br/j/hcsm/i/2003.v10suppl2/
2022	Vaccine and smallpox vaccination in nineteenth century Bahia	Hochman G, Souza CMC	Cien Saude Colet 2022 27(9): 3429-40	DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232022279.05082022
2004	[Smallpox vaccine: views of the academy of medicine in imperial Brazil] Portuguese	Fernandes TM	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2004 11 Suppl 1:141-63	DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702004000400008
2011	[About smallpox and vaccination practices in Minas Gerais (Brazil) in the 19th century] Portuguese	Silveira AJ, Marques Rde C	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):387-96	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200003
2019	[Between vaccines, diseases, and resistances: the impacts of a smallpox epidemic in nineteenth-century Porto Alegre] Portuguese	Kuhn F, Brizola JH	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2019 26(2):537-54	DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702019000200010
2013	[The smallpox epidemic and fear of the vaccine in Goias] Portuguese	Oliveira EC	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2013 20(3):939-62	DOI: 10.1590/S0104-597020130003000011
2003	[The beginnings of the smallpox vaccine in Sao Paulo: a little known story] Portuguese	Teixeira LA, Almeida M	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2003 10(Suppl 2):475-98	URL: scielo.br/j/hcsm/i/2003.v10suppl2/
2009	Priority, invisibility and eradication: the history of smallpox and the Brazilian public health agenda	Hochman G	Med Hist 2009 53(2):229-52	DOI: 10.1017/s002572730000020x PMC: PMC2668879
2011	[Smallpox in Sao Paulo (SP, Brazil): history of admissions at the Institute of Infectious Diseases Emilio Ribas between 1898 and 1970] Portuguese	Ribeiro AF, Pascalicchio FV, da Silva PA, Opromolla PA	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):423-32	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200006
2016	[Workers with signs of smallpox in the collection of Regional Office of Labor, Rio Grande do Sul, 1933-1944] Portuguese	Lopes AE	Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos 2016 23(4):1209-27	DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702016000400009
2011	[Smallpox and vaccine in Brazil at 20th century: institutionalization of health education] Portuguese	Fernandes TM, Chagas DC, de Souza EM	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):479-789	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200011
2011	[Vaccination, smallpox, and a culture of immunization in Brazil] Portuguese	Hochman G	Cien Saude Colet 2011 16(2):375-86	DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000200002


1953	[Bovine variola (cowpox) in the state of Sao Paulo and its transmission to humans] Portuguese	Vellini LL	Hospital (Rio J) 1953 44(2):247-52
1956	[Notes on the development of vaccinial virus in wild animals of Brazilian fauna] Portuguese	Moreira CA	Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1956 54(1):93-4	DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761956000100003
1958	[Evaluation of the routine of the antivariolic vaccination service of the Centro de Aprendizado of the Faculdade de Higiene e Saude Publica by means of a sample inquiry] Portuguese	Barbosa V, Berquo ES	Arq Fac Hig Saude Publica Univ Sao Paulo 1958 12:141-53
1961	[Results of the use of smallpox vaccine prepared on chick embryo chorio-allantoic membrane] Portuguese	Nicolau AR	Hospital (Rio J) 1961 59: 293-300
1962	Clinical types of smallpox as seen in an epidemic	Rodrigues-da-Silva G, Angulo JJ, Rabello SI	Postgrad Med J 1962 38(437): 140-4	DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.38.437.140 PMC: PMC2482409
1963	[Clinico-epidemiological aspects of a smallpox epidemic] Portuguese	Campana CL, Salles-Gomes LF	Rev Paul Med 1963 63: 230-43
*1963	Alastrim in Brazil	Downie AW, Dumbell KR, Ayroza Galvao PO, Zatz I	Trop Geogr Med 1963 15:25-8,
1963	Fetal infection in chickenpox and alastrim, with histopathologic study of the placenta	Garcia AG	Pediatrics 1963 32(5): 895-901	DOI: 10.1542/peds.32.5.895
*1963	Epidemic of variola minor in a suburb of Sao Paulo	Rodrigues-da-Silva G, Rabello SI, Angulo JJ	Public Health Rep (1896) 1963 78(2): 165-74	PMC: PMC1915201
1964	Postvaccinal meningoencephalitis; isolation of the virus from the brain	Angulo JJ, de Campos EP, de Gomes LF	JAMA 1964 187: 151-3	DOI: 10.1001/jama.1964.03060150075028
1964	Variola minor in a primary school	Angulo JJ, Rodrigues-Da-Silva G, Rabello SI	Public Health Rep (1896) 1964 79(4): 355-65	PMC: PMC1915368
1964	Smallpox and the ABO blood groups in Brazil	Azevedo E, Krieger H, Morton NE	Am J Hum Genet 1964 16(4):451-4	DOI: PMC1932318
1965	[Smallpox and alastrim, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil] Portuguese	Clausell DT	Hospital (Rio J) 1965 68(1):177-81
1965 Oct	Integration of jet injection into a national smallpox eradication program [Tables only] APHA 93rd Annual Meeting, Chicago IL 18-22 Oct 1965	Millar JD, Morris L, Modeira AA, Mack TM, Dyal WW, Macedo Filho, A	CDC Global Health Chronicles	GHC: 3020
*1965	Clinical and subclinical variola minor in a ward outbreak	de Salles-Gomes LF, Angulo JJ, Menezes E, Zamith VA	J Hyg (Lond) 1965 63(1): 49-58	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400044958 PMC: PMC2134637
1965	Methisazone in prevention of variola minor among contacts	do Valle LA, de Melo PR, de Gomes LF, Proenca LM	Lancet 1965 286(7420): 976-8	DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(65)92840-0
1965	Studies on smallpox vaccination by jet injection in Brazil	Pan American Health Organization, Advisory Committee on Medical Research	RES 4/4 1965	PAHO: 10665.2/47592
1966	Spread of vaccinia in a dermatological infirmary	Angulo JJ, Flores MR, de Salles-Gomes LF	Hospital (Rio J) 1966 69(1): 179-86
1966	[Importance of the jet injector (injection without a needle) in mass immunization projects in Brazil: Results with anti-tetanus and anti-smallpox vaccines] Portuguese	Veronesi R, Gomes LF, Soares MA, Corrêa A	Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1966 21(2):92-5


1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report #8, 13 Sep 1968 Brazil. Importation: Belgium	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(37):468-72	WHO: 10665/216790
1968	Smallpox Surveillance Report #13, 22 Nov 1968 Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 43(47):599-604	WHO: 10665/16911
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #18, 21 Feb 1969 Outbreaks in non-endemic countries: Cameroon, Ghana, Sudan, South Africa. Brazil: Outbreak in a city 100% vaccinated	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(8):150-8	WHO: 10665/217064
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #25, 6 Jun 1969 Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(23):381-7	WHO: 10665/217254
1969	Smallpox Surveillance Report #33, 7 Nov 1969 Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 44(45):613-9	WHO: 10665/217469
1970	Smallpox Surveillance Report #47, 18 Sep 1970 Outbreak: Argentina. Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1970 45(38):397-403	WHO: 10665/217914
1971	Smallpox Surveillance Report #56, 16 Apr 1971 Kenya. Brazil	Smallpox unit, WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1971 46(16):158-60	WHO: 10665/218277

South America

Summary & Regional Information

Summary of Smallpox Status

Regional Information

Historical Smallpox & Its Control

Regional Smallpox Eradication

WHO: Intensified Smallpox Eradication

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Of Special Interest

Historical Smallpox & Its Control

National Program 1950-1966

WHO: Intensified Smallpox Eradication Programme

Smallpox Surveillance Reports

Other Program Reports

Investigation of Variola Minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

French Guiana

Guyana

Paraguay

Peru

Suriname

Uruguay

Venezuela

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1962	Strategy and tactics for smallpox eradication	Frederiksen H	Public Health Rep (1896) 1962 77(7): 617-22	PMC: PMC1914987
1964	[Planning an intensive smallpox vaccination in Bolivia] German	Cohn E	Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1964 58:238-9
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Bolivia		SE/WP/71.29
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301

1967	The mechanism of spread of variola minor in a hospital ward	Angulo JJ, de Salles-Gomes LF	Hospital (Rio J) 1967 71(4): 1037-45
1967	An epidemiological study of vaccinia in man. I. Effects of a mass vaccination in a pemphigus foliaceus hospital	Angulo JJ, de Salles-Gomes LF, Jordao FB, Rabello SI, Amorosino A	Hospital (Rio J) 1967 72(3): 791-9
1967	An epidemiological study of vaccinia in man. 3. Subclinical infections	Angulo JJ, de Salles-Gomes LF, Jordao FB, Amorosino A	Hospital (Rio J) 1967 72(3): 809-19
*1967	Spread of variola minor in households	Angulo JJ, Rodrigues-da-Silva G, Rabello SI	Am J Epidemiol 1967 86(3):479-87	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120758
1967	An epidemiological study of vaccinia in man. II. The antibody response	de Salles-Gomes LF, Magaldi-Jordao FB, Angulo JJ, Rabello SI, Franca R, Amorosino A	Hospital (Rio J) 1967 72(3): 801-7
1968	[Chemoprophylactic approach to smallpox control] Spanish	Bauer DJ	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1968 64(2): 137-47	PAHO: 10665.2/12758
*1969	[Evaluation in the smallpox eradication campaign] Portuguese	de Lemos AL, Morris L	Revista Brasileira de Estatistica 1969 42:221-38
*1969	Smallpox and the ABO system in Southern Brazil	Krieger H, Vicente AT	Hum Hered 1969 19(6):654-7	DOI: 10.1159/000152279
1970	Inter-Regional Seminar on Surveillance and Assessment in Smallpox Eradication. New Delhi, India, 30 Nov - 5 Dec 1970
	— Surveillance in the Brazilian smallpox eradication programme, 1970	de Faria GB, de Carvalho Filho EC, Rodrigues BA, Ponce de Leon J	WHO/SE/71.30 pp 60-70	WHO: 10665/67488
*	— Investigation of hospital-associated smallpox: Vitoria, Espirito Santo	Morris L, de Lemos AL, da Silva OJ	WHO/SE/71.30:71-8 and Am J Public Health 1970 60(12):2331-5 [Also issued as SE/WP/70.23]	WHO: 10665/67488 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.60.12.2331 PMC: PMC1349294
*1970	Epidemiological characteristics of smallpox outbreaks in two small Brazilian villages publ as: Smallpox outbreaks in two Brazilian villages: epidemiologic characteristics	Arnt N, Morris L	WHO/SE/70.22 and Am J Epidemiol 1972 95(4):363-370	WHO: 10665/67480 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121405
*1970	Smallpox in the Municipio of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1945-1969: A 25 year review	Morris L, Cappello H, Soares R, Ponce de Leon J, Leser W	WHO/SE/70.23 and HSMHA Health Rep 1971 86(1):87-91	WHO: 10665/67481 PMC: PMC1937055
*1970	Epidemiological investigation of a smallpox outbreak in a city reported to be 100% vaccinated [See also Smallpox Surveillance Report #18, Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 21 Feb 44(8):153-9]	Morris L, Martinez AV, da Silva JO	Am J Epidemiol 1970 92(5):294-300 and SE/72.6	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121210 WHO: 10665/68036 [WHO: 10665/217064]
*1970	Smallpox eradication in Brazil, 1967-69	de Carvalho Filho ES, Morris L, de Lemos AL, Ponce de Leon J, Escobar A, da Silva OJ	Bull World Health Organ 1970 43(6):797-807	PMC: PMC2427806
*1970	A clinical and laboratory study of smallpox in Brazil. Accuracy of the laboratory diagnosis of smallpox in patients with Brazilian variola minor infection	Noble J Jr, Long GW, Kirchner E, Sesso J	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970 19(6):1020-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1970.19.1020
*1970	[Analysis of specimens for the diagnosis of smallpox in a laboratory of Brazil] Spanish	Schatzmayr HG, Mesquita JA	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1970 69(6):500-4	PAHO: 10665.2/11589
1970	[Vaccination of Xikrin, Suruí and Gaviao Indians against smallpox]. Portuguese	Vieira Filho JP	AMB Rev Assoc Med Bras 1970 16(10):357-60
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Brazil and Chile		SE/WP/71.48
*1971	Epidemiology of variola minor in Brazil based on a study of 33 outbreaks	de Quadros CC, Morris L, Da Costa EA, Arnt N, Tigre CH	WHO/SE/71.32 and Bull WHO 1972 46(2)165-71	WHO: 10665/67490 10665/67490 PMC: PMC2480711
1971	[Epidemiological study of smallpox cases in Mostardas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil] Portuguese	da Silveira CM, Tigre CH, Lima JF	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971 71(2):152-6	PAHO: 10665.2/10974
*1971	[Smallpox at the Canarama fair] Portuguese	de Azeredo Costa E, Ribeiro J, Morris L	Gazeta medica da Bahia 1971 71:1-6
1971	[Laboratory study of smallpox in patients of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Diseases Hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. I. Evaluation of different direct methods of diagnosis]. Portuguese	Kirchner E, Noble J, Sesso J, Long G	Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 1971 13(4):257-67
*1971	The introduction of jet injection mass vaccination into the national smallpox eradication program of Brazil	Millar JD, Morris L, Macedo Filho A, Mack TM, Dyal W, Medeiros AA	Trop Geogr Med 1971 23(1):89-101
1971	[Anti-smallpox vaccination in children under 6 months of age] Portuguese	Wiehe W	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971 70(3):260-3	PAHO: 10665.2/15247
1972	[Laboratory study of smallpox in patients of the Emilio Ribas Infectious Disease Hospital of São Paulo, Brazil. II. Evaluation and interpretation of the serodiagnosis]. Portuguese	Kirchner E, Noble J, Sesso J, Long G	Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 1972 14(2):114-20
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301
1973	Smallpox eradication campaign: Brazil situation in 1972	do Amaral C, Jr, Ponce de Leon J, Macedo Filho A, de Lemos AL, Varela FG	WHO/SE/73.51	WHO: 10665/67521
1973	A national reporting system in Brazil	de Lemos AL, de Souza OR	WHO/SE/73.52	WHO: 10665/67523
*1973	[Viruela hemorragica causada por virus de alastrim: Informe sobre un caso occurrido en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil] Spanish and Hemorrhagic smallpox caused by alastrim virus: Report on a case in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	Tigre CHF, Martinez AV, Fischmann A	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1973 75(4) 293-296 Bol Oficina Sanit Panam (Engl ed.) 1973 7(3):26-28	PAHO:10665.2/18042 (Sp) PAHO: 10665.2/11776 (Eng)
*1974	Smallpox epidemic in a Brazilian community	de Azeredo Costa E, Morris L	WHO/SE/74.64 and Am J Epidemiol 1975 101(6):552-61	WHO: 10665/67631 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112126
1974	On the use of contour maps in the analysis of spread of communicable disease	Splaine M, Lintott AP, Angulo JJ	J Hyg (Lond) 1974 73(1): 15-26	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400023780 PMC: PMC2130550
1976	Freedom from smallpox. Case histories on four countries where cases were missed for extended periods [and corrigendum]	Henderson DA	WHO/SE/76.85 Corr. 1	WHO: 10665/70473
1976	Three tests for randomness of attack of social groups during an epidemic	Klauber MR, Angulo JJ	Am J Epidemiol 1976 104(2): 212-8	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112291
1977	Analysis of the incidence of variola minor in an outbreak by use of a mathematical model	Chelsky M, Angulo JJ	Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 26(1): 152-8	DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1977.26.152
1979	Contour mapping of the temporal-spatial progression of a contagious disease	Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA, Sakuma ME, Takiguti CK, Megale P	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1979 72(4): 374-85
1979	Smallpox and the ABO system association: A critical review	Krieger H, Barbosa CA	Rev Bras Biol 1979 39(1): 195-9
1983	Temporal-spatial-social parameters in the spread of contagious disease	Angulo JJ, Takiguti CK, Sakuma ME, Kimura EM, Curti SP, Pederneiras CA	Ecol Dis 1983 2(4): 369-76
1984	An objective reconstruction of the chain of contagion	Pisani JF, Angulo JJ, Takiguti CK	Soc Sci Med 1984 18(9): 775-82	DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(84)90104-7

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
*1974	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Space-time interactions among variola minor cases in two elementary schools	Klauber MR, Angulo JJ	Am J Epidemiol 1974 99(1):65-74	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121587
*1974	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Lack of evidence indicating the influence of contaminated classrooms on spread of the disease	Klauber MR, Angulo JJ	J Hyg (Lond) 1974 72(2):281-8	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400023494 PMC: PMC2130518
1975	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Flow of the epidemic through the schools of the county	Pederneiras CA, Angulo JJ, Megale P	Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig B 1975 160(2):180-90
1976	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Overall description of the epidemic and of its study	Angulo JJ	Int J Epidemiol 1976 5(4):359-66	DOI: 10.1093/ije/5.4.359
1976	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Plan of the serological study and some general results	de Salles-Gomes LF, Angulo JJ, Magaldi-Jordao FB, França R, Amorosino A	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1976 69(5):471-7
1976	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista county, 1956: Attack rates in various population units of the two schools including most students with the disease	Klauber MR, Angulo JJ	Am J Epidemiol 1976 103(1):112-25	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112199
1977	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: A trend-surface analysis	Angulo JJ, Haggett P, Megale P, Pederneiras AA	Am J Epidemiol 1977 105(3):272-8	DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112383
1977	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Respiratory manifestations in cases of variola and in household contacts of cases	Angulo JJ, Pederneiras AA, Megale P, Sakuma ME	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1977 70(3):282-8
1978	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Distribution of onset of cases in the two schools including most school children with variola	Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA, Sakuma ME, Megale P	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(3):252-7
1978	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Propagating-rate analysis of the spread of variola minor in two elementary schools	Chelsky M, Angulo JJ	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 71(2):147-53
1979	Identification of pattern and process in the spread of a contagious disease	Angulo JJ, Takiguti CK, Pederneiras CA, Carvalho-de-Souza AM, Oliveira-de-Souza MC, Megale P	Soc Sci Med (1967) 1979 13D(3): 183-9	DOI: 10.1016/0160-8002(79)90005-4
1979	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Household aggregation of the disease and the influence of household size on the attack rate	Angulo JJ, Walter SD	J Hyg (Lond) 1979 82(1):1-6	DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400025407 PMC: PMC2130117
1979	Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: Observations on the clinical course of variola minor and on pregnancy in women with the disease	Megale P, Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA	Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1979 72(1):11-20
1980	Concepts of diffusion theory and a graphic approach to the description of the epidemic flow of contagious disease	Angulo JJ, Pederneiras CA, Ebner W, Kimura EM, Megale P	Public Health Rep 1980 95(5): 478-85	PMC: PMC1422743
1980	Population-dynamics models and a sequential test in the analysis of the influence of household setting on the spread of variola minor	Angulo JJ, Smith TL, Tsokos JO, Tsokos CP	J Theor Biol 1980 7 82(1): 91-103	DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(80)90091-0
1981	Multivariate analysis of the role of school-attendance status in the introduction of variola minor into the household	Morrill RL, Angulo JJ	Soc Sci Med D 1981 15(4): 479-87	DOI: 10.1016/0160-8002(81)90043-5
1981	Sequential analysis of the influence of sex on the spread of the disease variola minor	Tsokos JO, Angulo JJ, Tsokos CP, Smith TL	J Theor Biol 1981 89(3): 341-51	DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(81)90356-8

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1979	[The description of his smallpox by the Abbe Molina (1761) (author's transl)] Spanish	Costa-Casareto C	Rev Med Chil 1979 107(12):1141-51
1950	[Neurological complications of smallpox vaccination in Santiago, Chile] Spanish	Uiberall E	Rev Med Chil 1950 78(9):588-94
1960	[Methods of control adopted by the National Health Service at the appearance of a case of smallpox] Spanish	Ristori C, Boccardo H, Borgono JM	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1960 48(6): 469-74	PAHO: 10665.2/14392
1971	Evaluation of combined Attenuvax-smallpox vaccine in Chile and [Evaluación de la vacuna combinada attenuvax-viruela en Chile] Spanish	Borgoño JM, Greiber R, Heras E, Carrillo B, Solari G, Concha F	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam (English ed) 1971 6(1):15-20 Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971 70(3):219-25	PAHO: 10665.2/12309 (Eng) PAHO: 10665.2/15253 (Sp)
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Brazil and Chile		SE/WP/71.48
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1960	Annual report of the national anti-smallpox vaccination programme in the Republic of Colombia, 1959 Inter-regional Smallpox Conference. New Delhi, India, 14-19 November 1960		WHO/Smallpox/13	DAH: Chesney Med Arch
1967	[Study of an outbreak of vaccinia in dairy cattle of their milkers]	Gomez Pando V, Hernan Lopez J, Restrepo A, Forero P	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1967 63(2):111-21
1970	[Smallpox or chickenpox: a difficult clinical and laboratory diagnosis] Spanish; Engl, Fr summaries	Lopez JH, Garcia J, Uribe A, Noble J, Jr.	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1970 68(6):503-9	PAHO: 10665.2/14484
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru		SE/WP/71.27
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1949	A smallpox epidemic in the Galapagos Islands	Randel HW	Bull U S Army Med Dep 1949 9(3):261-3
1958	[Eugenio Espejo & his history of smallpox] Spanish	Monteros-Valdivieso MY	Rev Med Cubana 1958 69(4): 143-56
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru		SE/WP/71.27
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301
1976	[Epidemiological control of smallpox virus in Ecuador] Spanish	Gutierrez Vera E	Rev Ecuat Hig Med Trop 1976 29:13-24

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Guyana		SE/WP/71.58
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1953	[Smallpox (alastrim) in Paraguay; control of the 1947 epidemic in comparison with typhoid fever, tetanus and diphtheria] Spanish	Lagoa FR	Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1953 51:741-50; English translation 51-2
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Paraguay		SE/WP/71.18
1972	Paraguay: report on a survey to determine the status of smallpox and levels of smallpox immunity	--	WHO/SE/72.38	WHO: 10665/67499
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1955	The treatment of smallpox in Peru in 1589	Clark CU	J Hist Med Allied Sci 1955 10(3):327-31
1951	[Introduction of vaccination in Peru] Spanish	Lastres JB	An Fac Med Lima 1951 34(3):285-312
2020	Three different paths to introduce the smallpox vaccine in early 19th century United States	Esparza J	Vaccine 2020 38(12): 2741-5	DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.077
1957	[Desiccated smallpox vaccine in Peru] Spanish	Sousa Iglesias A	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1957 Feb 42(2):126-31	PAO: 10665.2/14955
1957	[Report on a smallpox vaccination campaign during the period from October 1950 to December 1955] Spanish	de la Fuente A	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1957 42(2):160-6	PAHO: 10665.2/14949
1960	Report on the smallpox vaccination campaign carried out during the period October 1950 - December 1955 Seminar on Smallpox Vaccination, Lima, Peru, 20-25 August 1956	de la Fuente EA	WHO/Smallpox/12	WHO: 10665/67146
1965	[Smallpox epidemic in Iquitos] Spanish	López Vasquez J	An Fac Med Lima 1965 48(2):253-76
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru		SE/WP/71.27
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Suriname, Uruguay		SE/WP/71.56
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1968	WER. Epidemiological Notes. Smallpox: America. Uruguay. Secondary case to importation from Brazil	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1968 Nov 29 43(48):617	WHO: 10665/216924
1969	WER. Imported case of smallpox in Uruguay. Uruguay. Importation from Brazil	WHO	Wkly Epidemol Rec 1969 Sep 26 44(39):562	WHO: 10665/217401
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Suriname and Uruguay		SE/WP/71.56
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301

Year	Title	Authors	Source	URL
1950	[Study of endemia of alastrim in the area of Caracas, 1945-1949] Spanish	Rodriguez Cabrera JH	Rev Sanid Asist Soc 1950 15(1-2): 81-4
1952	[Program of smallpox vaccination in Venezuela] Spanish	Gonzalez CL	Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1952 33(2): 135	PAHO: 10665.2/11927
1965	[Some informative data on immunization activities in Venezuela]	Osuna A	Rev Venez Sanid Asist Soc 1965 30(4):455-61
1970	An alastrim outbreak in the Gran Sabana (State of Bolivar), Venezuela, 1962	Halbrohr JG	WHO/SE/70.14	WHO: 10665/67471
1971	Report to the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas: Venezuela		SE/WP/71.51
1973	Report of the Commission for the Assessment of the Smallpox Eradication Program in the Americas		CD22/19, Annex III	PAHO: 10665.2/26301
1980	Accidental smallpox vaccination in Venezuela		PAHO Epidemiol Bull 1980 1(5):5-7	PAHO: 10665.2/38419